Exam 2 Flashcards
one of a group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances in emotionality ranging from elation to severe depression
mood disorders
most common and severe experience of depression, including feelings of worthlessness, disturbances in bodily activities such as sleep, loss of interest, and inability to experience pleasure, persisting at least 2 weeks
major depressive episodes
what is mania?
period of abnormally excessive elation or euphoria associated with some mood disorders
what is a hypomanic episode?
less severe and less disruptive version of a manic episode that is one of the criteria for several mood disorders
condition in which the individual experiences both elation and depression or anxiety at the same time. also known as dysphoric manic episode or mixed manic episode
mixed features
a mood disorder involving one (single episode) or more (separated by at least 2 months without depression, recurrent)
major depressive disorder
what does recurrent mean?
repeatedly occurring
a mood disorder involving persistently depressed mood, with low self-esteem, withdrawal, pessimism, or despair, present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months
persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
what is double depression?
severe mood disorder typified by major depressive episodes superimposed over a background of dysthymic disorder
what is integrated grief?
grief that evolves from acute grief into a conditions in which the individual accepts the finality of a death and adjusts to the loss
grief characterized by debilitating feelings of loss and emotions so painful that a person has trouble resuming a normal life; designated for further study as a disorder by DSM-5
complicated grief
clinically significant emotional problems that can occur during the premenstrual phase of the reproductive cycle of a woman
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
a condition in which a child has chronic negative moods such as anger and irritability without any accompanying mania
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
what is bipolar II disorder?
alternation of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes (not full manic episodes)
what is bipolar I disorder?
alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes
chronic (at least 2 years) mood disorder characterized by alternating mood elevation and depressive levels that are not as severe as manic or major depressive episodes
cyclothymic disorder
what are neurohormones?
a hormone that affects the brain and is increasingly the focus of study in psychopathology
Martin Seligman’s theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they actually have control)
learned helplessness theory of depression
thinking errors by depressed people negatively focused in 3 areas; themselves, their immediate world, and their future
depressive cognitive triad
a medication used in the treatment of mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder, that is effective in preventing and treating pathological shifts in mood
mood-stabilizing drug
biological treatment for severe, chronic depression involving the application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures. the reasons for its effectiveness are unknown.
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes - and, ultimately, more adaptive behavior and coping styles
cognitive therapy
brief treatment approach that emphasizes resolution of interpersonal problems and stressors, such as role disputes in marital conflict, forming relationships in marriage, or a new job. it has demonstrated effectiveness for such problems as depression.
interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
combination of continued psychosocial treatment, medication, or both designed to prevent relapse following therapy
maintenance treatment
what is suicidal ideation?
serious thoughts about committing suicide
what is suicidal plans?
the formulation of a specific method of killing oneself
what is a suicidal attempt?
effort made to kill oneself
postmortem psychological profile of a suicide victim constructed from interviews with people who knew the person before death
psychological autopsy
a devastating disorder that may involve characteristic disturbances in thinking (delusions), perception (hallucinations), speech, emotions, and behavior
schizophrenia
what is catatonia?
a disorder of movement involving immobility or excited agitation
what is hebephrenia?
a silly and immature emotionality, a characteristic of some types of schizophrenia
what is paranoia?
people’s irrational beliefs that they are especially important (delusions of grandeur) or that other people are seeking to do them harm
the Latin term meaning premature loss of mind; an early label for what is now called schizophrenia, emphasizing the disorder’s frequent appearance during adolescence
dementia praecox
a separation among basic functions of human personality (for example, cognition, emotion, and perception) seen by some as the defining characteristic of schizophrenia
associative splitting
what is psychotic behavior?
a severe psychological disorder category characterized by hallucinations and loss of contact with reality
what are positive symptoms?
a more overt symptom, such as a delusion or hallucination, displayed by some people with schizophrenia
what is a delusion?
a psychotic symptom involving disorder of thought content and presence of strong beliefs that are misrepresentations of reality
a psychotic symptom of perceptual disturbance in which something is seen, heard, or otherwise sensed although it is not actually present
hallucination
what are negative symptoms?
a less outgoing symptom, such as flat affect or poverty of speech, displayed by some people with schizophrenia
what is avolition?
an inability to initiate or persist in important activities. also known as apathy
what is alogia?
a deficiency in the amount or content of speech, a disturbance often seen in people with schizophrenia
what is anhedonia?
an inability to experience pleasure, associated with some mood and schizophrenic disorders
what is the flat affect?
an apparently emotionless demeanor (including toneless speech and vacant gaze) when a reaction would be expected
a style of talking often seen in people with schizophrenia, involving incoherence and a lack of typical logic patterns
disorganized speech
what is an inappropriate affect?
an emotional display that is improper for the situation
what is catatonic immobility?
a disturbance of motor behavior in which the person remains motionless, sometimes in an awkward posture, for extended periods
what is schizophreniform disorder?
a psychotic disorder involving the symptoms of schizophrenia but lasting less than 6 months
what is schizoaffective disorder?
a psychotic disorder featuring symptoms of both schizophrenia and major mood disorder
a psychotic disturbance in which individuals develop a delusion similar to that of a person with whom they share a close relationship. also known as folie a deux.
shared psychotic disorder
what is substance-induced psychotic disorder?
psychosis caused by the ingestion of medications, psychoactive drugs, or toxins
condition that is characterized by hallucinations or delusions that is the direct result of another physiological disorder, such as stroke or brain tumor
psychotic disorder associated with another medical condition
a psychotic disturbance involving delusions, hallucination, or disorganized speech or behavior but lasting less than 1 month; often occurs in reaction to a stressor
brief psychotic disorder
disorder involving the onset of psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, which puts a person at high risk for schizophrenia; designated for further study by DSM-5
attenuated psychosis syndrome
period of 1-2 years before serious symptoms of schizophrenia occur but when less severe yet unusual behaviors start to appear
prodromal stage
according to an obsolete, unsupported theory, a cold, dominating, and rejecting parent who was thought to cause schizophrenia in her offspring
schizophrenogenic mother
according to an obsolete, unsupported theory, the practice of transmitting conflicting messages that was thought ti cause schizophrenia
double blind communication
hostility, criticism, and over-involvement demonstrated by some families toward a family member with a psychological disorder. this can often contribute to the person’s relapse
expressed emotion (EE)
a social learning behavior modification system in which individuals earn items they can exchange for desired rewards by displaying appropriate behaviors
token economy
an enduring maladaptive pattern for relating to the environment and self, exhibited in a range of contexts that cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress
personality disorder
a cluster A (odd or eccentric) personality disorder involving pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent
paranoid personality disorder
a cluster A (odd or eccentric) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships with a restricted range of expression of emotions
schizoid personality disorder
a cluster A (odd or eccentric) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of interpersonal deficits featuring acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships, as well as cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior
schizotypal personality disorder
a cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. similar to the non-DSM-5 label psychopathy but with greater emphasis on overt behavior than on personality traits
antisocial personality disorder
a non-DSM-5 category similar to antisocial personality disorder but with less emphasis on overt behavior. indicators include superficial charm, lack of remorse, and other personality characteristics
psychopathy
a cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affect, and control over impulses
borderline personality disorder
a promising treatment for borderline personality disorder that involves exposing the client to stressors in a controlled situation, as well as helping the client regulate emotions and cope with stressors that might trigger suicidal behavior
dialectical behavior therapy
a cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking
histrionic personality disorder
a cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of grandiosity in fantasy or behavior, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
narcissistic personality disorder
a cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism
avoidant personality disorder
a cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder characterized by a person’s pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, a condition that leads to the submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation
dependent personality disorder
a cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
eating disorder involving recurrent episodes of uncontrolled excessive (binge) eating followed by compensatory actions to remove the food
bulimia nervosa
what is a binge?
relatively brief episode of uncontrolled, excessive consumptions of food or alcohol