Exam 2 Flashcards
Terrorism tactics
- Bombing
- arson
- hijacking
- kidnapping
- hostage taking
- weapons of mass destruction
Force multipliers
- Transnational support
- technology
- media coverage
-Religion
Thermobaric bomb
Spreads fuel in the air & then ignites it
4 types of chemical agents
I. Nerve
2. Blood
3. Choking
4. Blistering
Radiological weapons
-More heat resistant & last longer than chemicals
- exposure can cause short & long term effects
Highly enriched uranium (heu)
- Plentiful & easy to get
- potent: dirty bomb or nuclear device
- can be built w/o a nuclear state
Tourism
Terrorism doesn’t have effect on domestic travel (except 9/11)
Effects international travel
Negative economic impact
Energy
Fossil fulls are tempting targets
Represent power & strength of industrialized world
West impacted by oil strikes
Transportation
- post 9/11 govt put $4.8 billion in aviation
- Indonesia, Malaysia, & Singapore protest insurance premiums on ships traveling thru the strait of malacca
- critics of homeland argue ports remain unsecured b/c of $
3 components of suicide attacks
- Secrecy
- Reconnaissance
- Rehearsal
Hamas model involves professional group to support & execute the attack
Women in terrorism
-Actively recruited by religious terrorists
- more attracted to domestic terrorist groups
- international terrorist groups’ views limit role of women
Impact of terrorism on women
- Greater sense of vulnerability to crime
- Israeli study:
> women more afraid of terrorism
> women more likely to suffer PTSD
> women approach fear w/ problem solving strategies
Origins of problems in Middle East
Imperialism
Poverty
Gov ‘t corruption
Political repression
Religious fanaticism
Medina
- Muslims believe Mohammed created the perfect Islamic community combining govt & religion
- victory at Badr encouraged the belief God was on their side
- Mohammed suddenly died in 632
Shiite - Sunni civil war
Question of leadership
Arabic tradition said mohammed’S male heir should lead
Mohammed claimed a new law that said community would be more important than tribal rules
3 sources of violence in ME
- Political control of Israel & Palestine
The Palestine question - Who rules Arab world
Intra-arab rivalries & struggles - Relations between Sunnis & Shiites
Future of revolutionary Islam
Birth of Israel
May 15, 1948 UN recognized Palestine & modern nation-state of Israel
Arabs attacked new Jewish state & fought until 1967
Six day war
- In 1967 in 6 days Israel doubled their territory & defeated Arabs
- after 6 day war the Palestine liberation organization (PLO) began a series of terrorist attacks against civilian isralei positions
Arab States split
- King Hussein of Jordan wanted to coexist in Israel
- few nations (Egypt) wanted to avenge 6 day war
- Baath party groups of Arabs wanted both unity & destruction of Israel
ME terrorism categories
- Suicide bombings on Israelis & western positions in Lebanon
- Militias fighting in Lebanon
- State sponsored terrorism from Libya, Syria, & Iran
- Freelance terrorism to high profile groups
- Terrorism in support of Arab Palestinians
- Attacks in Europe against western targets
- Israeli assassinations of alleged terrorists
British influence
- Anglo-persian oil company formed & British started taking oil profits out of Iran
- Iranians still consider western oil companies as an extension of old agreement
- British concerned about communism in Iran & appointed Rena shah Pahlavi as shah/leader
Iranian Revolution - Post WWII
- Khomeini rose to power & mosque was perceived as only opposition to shah
> Khomeini was supreme leader both religious & political - shah pressured saddam Hussein to remove Khomeini who fled
