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Research Methods > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A method of posing questions to people on the telephone, in personal interviews, on written questionnaires, or via the Internet. Also called poll.

A

survey

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2
Q

what validity is most important in surveys and polls
A. internal validity
B. statistical validity
C. internal validity
D. construct validity

A

D. construct validity

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3
Q

A survey question format that allows respondents to answer any way they like.

A

Open-ended questions

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4
Q

A survey question format in which respondents give their opinion by picking the best of two or more options.

A

Forced-choice

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5
Q

A survey question format using a rating scale containing multiple response options anchored by the specific terms strongly agree, agree, neither agree nor disagree, disagree, and strongly disagree.

A

Likert-scale

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6
Q

When observers’ knowledge of the research hypothesis influences how they record their observations, ______________ ______ occurs.

A

Observer bias

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7
Q

When participants change their behavior based on perceived expectations from the observer, it is called?

A

Observer effects

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8
Q

When people change their behavior based on the presence of someone else, this is known as

A

reactivity

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9
Q

A response set can be in the form of
A. leading questions.
B. yea-saying answers.
C. Likert scale.

A

C. Likert scale

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10
Q

A survey question that has you rate a response from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree” is an example of
A. a Likert scale.
B. a double-barreled question.
C. the semantic differential format.

A

A. a Likert scale.

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11
Q

Describe which question format the question below is using.

“What do you think of class?”

A

Open-ended question

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12
Q

A shortcut respondents may use to answer items in a long survey, rather than responding to the content of each item. Also called nondifferentiation.

A

Response sets

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13
Q

“yea-saying” can also be referrered to as___________

A

aquiescence

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14
Q

What is fence sitting?

A

playing it safe by answering in the middle of the scale

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15
Q

A Democratic National Committee mail survey included a question that read, “Which aspects of the Trump presidency do you find the most disturbing?” followed by a list of 15 suggestions, such as “his reckless foreign policy decisions” and “his erratic temperament and judgment.”

In your opinion, the problem with this question is that it is
A. leading.
B. negatively worded.
C. double-barreled.
D. There’s no problem.

A

A. leading.

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16
Q

Observing families in the evening is an example of what type of research?

A

Observational

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17
Q

When observers’ expectations influence their interpretation of the participants’ behaviors or the outcome of the study this is defined as?

A

Observer Bias

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18
Q

Define Observer Effects

A

participant behavior changes to match observer expectations.

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19
Q

Observers are unaware of the purpose of the study and the conditions to which participants have been assigned in what type of research design?

A

Masked Design

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20
Q

Define each as Observation Bias (OB) or Effects (OE)
1. Students change behavior when they know the teacher is grading participation.
2. Teacher has an A+ and D student whose tests she is grading and this knowledge causes her to grade each student differently.

A
  1. OE
  2. OB
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21
Q

How does a masked design help Observation bias?

A

the observers are unaware of the purpose of the study and the conditions to which participants have been assigned.

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22
Q

What 3 things help avoid observer effects?

A
  1. Blend In
  2. Wait it out
  3. Measure behaviors results
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23
Q

Is it ethical for researchers to observe the behaviors of others?

A

It depends

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24
Q

Representative sample

A

Characteristics of sample reflect population.

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25
Q

Sensitive or objectionable information should be placed at the beginning of a study. (T/F)

A

False, it should be placed towards the end.

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26
Q

associations that involve exactly two variables

A

Bivariate correlations

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27
Q

What makes a study correlational?

A

Having two measured variables

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28
Q

associations that involve exactly two variables

A

bivariate correlations

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29
Q

T or F

the slope of a line does not determine the relationship between variables, but how spread the data is does

A

True

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30
Q

When one variable is categorical and the other is continuous, which graph is best to use?

A. scatterplot
B. line graph
C. bar graph
D. you shouldn’t use a graph for this type of data

A

C. bar graph

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31
Q

If we incorrectly used a scatterplot for when one variable is categorical and one is continuous describe what the plot would look like.

A

The scatterplot would not be scattered, the plots would be stacked straight up for each variable

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32
Q

What makes a study correlational?

A

Having two measured variables

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33
Q

T or F when a confidence interval (CI) doesn’t contain 0, it is not significant

A

False, when a confidence interval (CI) doesn’t contain 0, it is statistically significant

34
Q

A relationship was described as r = -.40; 95% CI [-.14, -.61]. Therefore,

A. the relationship is negative.
B. the correlation is statistically significant.
C. we can probably rule out that the relationship is zero.
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

35
Q

what describes the strength of an association

A

Effect size

36
Q

T or F

small range = more precise confidence interval

A

True

37
Q

larger or smaller effect sizes are more important?

A

larger, depending on the context

38
Q

Name the term

does not capture the full range and causes the association to look stronger/weaker than it is

A

restriction of range

Ex: SAT scores and college GPA only capturing a certain range of scores makes the association look weaker than what it is

39
Q

With which style scale should end points capture the entire spectrum of what you’re interested in?

A

Likert style scales

40
Q

As a baby, we use healthcare alot during our middle ages not so much, as an elder we use it alot.

this graph would show what?

A

A curvilinear association

41
Q

Covariance
Temporal precedence
Internal validity (third-variable problem

are part of what criteria

A

these are the 3 casual criteria

42
Q

a ________ is like a confound except you have it measured and control it

A

moderator

43
Q

T or F

the moderater will always be an independent variable

A

True

44
Q

A moderate must have how many variables?

A

Atleast 3 variables
(2 IV, 1 DV)

45
Q

Three criteria for establishing causation

A
  1. Covariance
  2. Temporal precedence
  3. Internal validity
46
Q

what type of correlation design involves more than two variables?

A

Multivariate Designs

47
Q

What is a cross-lag correlation?

A

A correlation b/w an earlier measure of one variable and a later measure of another variable

48
Q

What is a correlation of one variable measured at two different times?

A

Autocorrelation

49
Q

Two variables measured at the same time are correlated

A

Cross-sectional correlation

50
Q

Logitudenal studies help provide evidence for causation by fulfilling what three criteria?

A
  1. Covariance
  2. Temporal precedence
  3. Internal validity
51
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the telltale signs that a researcher has used multiple regression in the research?
A. “controlled for”
B. “as caused by”
C. “correcting for”
D. “taking into account”

A

B. “as caused by”

52
Q

The criterion variable is also the dependent variable (T/F)

A

TRUE

53
Q

Predictor variables are also known as what?

A

Independent variables

54
Q

What does a significant beta for the key variable entail?

A

it means the key relationship is not explained by those third variables.

55
Q

If the CI contains 0, is beta significant or not?

A

Beta would not be significant if 0 was included in the CI

56
Q

Multiple regression analyses
A. establish causation because they control for third variables.
B. do not establish causation because they cannot control for all third variables.
C. do not establish causation because they do not assess covariance.

A

B. do not establish causation because they cannot control for all third variables.

57
Q

Which of the following describes a mediator relationship?
A. Facebook use and college grades are more strongly correlated among nonathletes, and less strongly correlated among athletes.
B. Facebook use and college grades are only correlated with each other because students in more difficult majors get worse grades, and students in difficult majors have less time to use Facebook.
C. Facebook use and college grades are correlated because Facebook use leads to less time studying, which leads to lower grades.

A

B. Facebook use and college grades are only correlated with each other because students in more difficult majors get worse grades, and students in difficult majors have less time to use Facebook.

58
Q

MUltiple Regression analyses help address external validaity (T/F)

A

FALSE, INTERNAL validity

59
Q

A is related to B because A leads to C which leads to B.

A

Mediation

60
Q

A is related to B but only because they are both linked to C

A

Third- Variable

61
Q

A is related to B for one type of C but not for the other type of C

A

Moderation

62
Q

Mediators can be in multivariate research designs, but third variables cannot (T/F)

A

FALSE both are in multivariate research designs

63
Q

Both mediators and third variables can be detected using multiple regression (T/F)

A

TRUE

64
Q

Describe a STRONG POSITIVE correlation

A
  • As x increases, y increases.
  • scatter plot forms a tight cluster around a rising line.
65
Q

Describe a WEAK POSITIVE correlation

A
  • As x increases, y increases.
  • more scattered and less obvious upward trend.
66
Q

Describe a WEAK NEGATIVE correlation

A
  • As x increases, y decreases
  • more scattered and less obvious downward trend.
67
Q

Describe a STRONG NEGATIVE correlation

A
  • As x increases, y decreases
  • scatter plot forms a tight cluster around a declining line.
68
Q

Sketch what you think the graph displaying the association between ice cream sales (in dollars) and murders (count) probably looks like

A

Scatter plot with a strong positive correlation (the hotter it is, the more murderers and ice cream sales)

69
Q

Sketch what you think the graph displaying the association between sex (male and female) and height (in inches) probably looks like. (x, y, type of graph)

A

Sex (x)
Height (y)

Bar graph with males having a higher bar for height than females

70
Q

Having ice cream is associated with a good mood, but especially with friends. The relationship is weaker when you are not with friend.

What would this moderating relationship look like graphically? (type of graph, x axis, y axis, relationship w/ ice cream vs. w/o)

A

BAR GRAPH
The x-axis represents the presence or absence of ice cream (Ice cream vs. no ice cream).

The y-axis represents good mood

W/ Ice cream: the shaded bar (w/ friends) represents a better mood than the unshaded bar (w/o friends)

w/o ice cream: the shaded bar would still be higher than the unshaded bar but both bars are both lower than w/ ice cream.

71
Q

Having a dog is associated with a longer lifespan because people with fewer health problems are more able to have dogs, and people who have fewer health problems live longer.

A. Mediating
B. Moderating
C. Third variable problem

A

C. Third variable problem

72
Q

Having a dog is associated with a longer lifespan, but especially among people living alone; the relationship is weaker among people who live with others.

A. Mediating
B. Moderating
C. Third variable problem

A

B. Moderating

73
Q

Having a dog is associated with a longer lifespan because people who have dogs get more exercise and exercise makes them healthier (and live longer).

A. Mediating
B. Moderating
C. Third variable problem

A

A. Mediating

74
Q

Being a victim of sibling aggression is associated with poor mental health in childhood, but the link is especially strong for later-born children and weaker in firstborn children.

A. Mediating
B. Moderating
C. Third variable problem

A

B. Moderating

75
Q

Sibling aggression is associated with poor childhood mental health because child victims of sibling aggression are more likely to feel lonely at home. Sibling aggression leads to loneliness, which in turn leads to mental health problems.

A. Mediating
B. Moderating
C. Third variable problem

A

A. Mediating

76
Q

Sibling aggression is associated with poor childhood mental health only because of parental conflict. Sibling aggression is more likely to occur when parents argue frequently, and arguing also affects kids’ mental health.

A. Mediating
B. Moderating
C. Third variable problem

A

C. Third variable problem

77
Q

A survey question that has you rate a response from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree” is an example of
a. a Likert scale.
b. a double-barreled question.
c. the semantic differential format.

A

a. a Likert scale.

78
Q

Which of the following is an example of observer bias in a study on arm strength and mood?
a. A research assistant records the participant as stronger in the happy condition than the sad condition, because that fits the hypothesis.
b. A study participant performs with more strength in the happy mood condition because of subtle, encouraging cues from the research assistant.
c. A study participant feels self-conscious in the experiment.

A

a. A research assistant records the participant as stronger in the happy condition than the sad condition, because that fits the hypothesis

79
Q

Which of the following is an example of observer effects in a study on arm strength and mood?
a. A research assistant records the participant as stronger in the happy condition than the sad condition, because that fits the hypothesis.
b. A study participant performs with more strength in the happy mood condition because of subtle, encouraging cues from the research assistant.
c. A study participant feels self-conscious in the experiment.

A

b. A study participant performs with more strength in the happy mood condition because of subtle, encouraging cues from the research assistant.

80
Q
A

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