Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Why is the producer role important?
A
- For coursework in psychology
- For graduate school
- For working in a research lab
2
Q
Why is the consumer role important?
A
1.For psychology courses
2. When reading printed or online news stories based on research
3
Q
The use of verifiable evidence as the basis for conclusions and collecting data
A
Empiricism
4
Q
Scientists are empiricists T or F?
A
True
5
Q
The following are all examples of what?
Pharmaceutical companies
Marketing
Scientists
A
Producers
6
Q
Theory and hypothesis differ in that ______ are more broad while _________ are specific test.
A
Theories are more broad
Hypothesis are specific test
7
Q
Studies DO prove theories T or F?
A
False, studies DO NOT prove theories
8
Q
A feature of a scientific theory, in which it is possible to collect data that will indicate that the theory is wrong.
A
Falsifiability
9
Q
Good theories are falsifiable T or F?
A
True
10
Q
A statement or set of statements that describes GENERAL principles about how variables relate to one another
A
Theory
11
Q
A statement of the SPECIFIC result the researcher expects to observe from a particular study, if the theory is accurate. Also called prediction.
A
Hypothesis
12
Q
- _________ _________is the absence of the basics like food, shelter, clothing, and health care.
- ________ _______ is the condition of being deprived in COMPARISON to others in the society.
A
- Absolute deprivation
- Relative deprivation
13
Q
Name the 6 parts of the theory data cycle in order
A
Theory -> research questions -> research design -> hypothesis -> pre-registered -> data
14
Q
Define applied research
A
Research whose goal is to find a solution to a particular real-world problem
15
Q
Research whose goal is to enhance the general body of knowledge, without regard for direct application to practical problems.
A
Basic research
16
Q
Research that uses knowledge derived from basic research to develop and test solutions to real-world problems
A
Translational research
17
Q
_____-_______ is the strongest form of information you can have
A
Meta-analysis
18
Q
If we use the availability heuristic, we are basing our beliefs on
A. what others think.
B. what we see popular people do.
C. what comes to mind easily.
A
C. What comes to mind easily
19
Q
What does it mean to say that research is probabilistic?
A. Researchers refer to the probability that their theories are correct.
B. Research predicts all possible results
C. Research conclusions are meant to explain a certain proportion of possible cases, but not all.
D. If there are exceptions to a research result, it means the theory is probably incorrect.
A
C. Research conclusions are meant to explain a certain proportion of possible cases, but not all.
20
Q
Peoples beliefs can be based on what 4 things?
A
- Experience
- Intuition
- Authorities
- Controlled Research
21
Q
Group in experiment whose independent variable differs from that of those of the treatment group
A
Comparison group
22
Q
An alternative explanation for a research; threatens internal validity
A
confound
23
Q
Availability heuristic
A
A bias where people rely predominantly on instances that easily come to mind
24
Q
People incorrectly estimate a relationship in an event, focusing only on times that the event/outcome is PRESENT
A
Present bias
25
A bias where people only consider the evidence that supports them and their ideas.
confirmation bias
26
Tendency for people to think they are less likely to engage in biased reasoning
Bias blind spot
27
Averaging the effect sizes of all studies that have tested the same variable
Meta-analysis
28
*Being swayed by a good story
*Being persuaded by what easily comes to mind (availability heuristic)
*Failing to think about what we cannot see
*Focusing on the evidence we like best
*Being biased about being biased
These are all ways that _________ can be biased
Intuition
29
2 of psychology’s most important sources/ journal articles are what?
Empirical journal articles
Review journal articles
30
Components of an empirical journal article in order include what 6 things?
1.Abstract
2.Introduction
3.Method
4.Results
5.Discussion
6.References
31
Three necessary criteria for causal claims are
A. covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity.
B. association, construct validity, and generalizability.
C. operationalization, temporal precedence, and construct validity.
A. covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity.
32
To support an association claim, a study would have to have
A. one variable.
B. two manipulated variables.
C. two or more measured variables.
C. two or more MEASURED variables.
33
Which of the following headlines is a causal claim?
A. Holding a gun may make you think others are too.
B. Younger people can’t read emotions on wrinkled faces.
C. Strange but true: Babies born in the autumn are more likely to live to 100.
D. Check the baby! Many new moms show signs of OCD.
A. Holding a gun may MAKE you think others are too.
34
1. _________ = varies , constant = _________
2. ________ variable = you don't do anything to, _________ variable = you do something to
3. __________ variable = what are you looking to measure, __________ definition = how are you measuring it?
1. Variable = varies, constant = same
2. measured variable = you don't do anything to, manipulated variable = you do something to
3. conceptual variable = what are you looking to measure? operational definition = how are you measuring it?
35
If a conceptual variable is HAPPINESS, examples of an operational definition would be?
smiling, laughing, waving, etc.
36
words like "assigned" and "given" are indicators that the researcher controlled that variable T or F?
True
37
Determine which claim this is Frequency, Association, or Causal.
* Describes particular level or degree of a SINGLE variable
*Only claim that involves ONE measured variable
*Usually has numbers associated with it but not always
*Uses words like "most" or "very few"
Frequency claim
38
Determine which claim this is Frequency, Association, or Causal.
*Argues that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable.
*Claims are supported by studies that have AT LEAST TWO measured variables.
*Variables that are associated are said to correlate.
Association claim
39
More spread data = weaker or stronger correlation?
weaker
40
Both positive and negative associations can help us make predictions but ______ associations CAN NOT
Zero associations
41
key words such as: "linked to", "more/less likely to", "prefers", "may predict", "goes with", "tied to", "correlated with", etc. indicate that the claim is
An association claim
42
Determine which claim this is Frequency, Association, or Causal.
*Argues that one variable causes change in the level of another variable.
*Claims are supported by experiments (studies that have a manipulated variable and a measured variable.)
Causal claim
43
key words such as "causes", "affects", "makes", "promotes", "reduces", "adds", "increases/decreases", etc. indicate that the claim is
A causal claim
44
What are the 4 BIG validities?
1. Construct validity
2. External validity
3. Statistical validity
4. Internal validity
45
Determine which validity this is construct, internal, external, or statistical
*how well variables in a study are measured
* the extent to which the operational variables in a study are a good approximation of the conceptual variables
Construct validity
46
Determine which validity this is construct, internal, external, or statistical
*the extent to which the results of the study generalize to some larger population outside of the study
External validity
47
Determine which validity this is construct, internal, external, or statistical
*how well the numbers support the claim
- how strong the effect is
- the precision of the estimate (confidence interval)
Statistical validity
48
Determine which validity this is construct, internal, external, or statistical
*In a relationship between one variable (A) and another (B), the extent to which (A) rather than some other variable (C), is responsible for changes in B
Internal validity
49
T or F, no confound = bad internal validity
False, no confound = GOOD internal validity
50
T or F small confidence interval = good statistical validity
True
51
T or F smaller samples generate better statistical validity
False, BIGGER samples = better statistical validity
52
A(an) __________ measure operationalizes a variable by recording a participant’s __________.
A. behavioral; intrapersonal thoughts
B. physiological; biological data
C. observational; questionnaire answers D. self-report; observable behavior
B. physiological; biological data
53
A researcher finds that when 40 people take a five-item measure of extroversion, their answers to each of the five items are correlated. This is
A. internal validity.
B. test-retest reliability.
C. internal reliability.
D. interrater reliability
C. internal reliability.
54
3. Choose the correlation coefficient, r, with the STRONGEST relationship.
A. .01
B. -.10
C. -.76
D. .52
C. -.76
negative or positive does not matter, simply pay attention to how big the number is
55
Name the 3 common types of measure
1. Self-report
2. observational
3. physiological
56
_________ measures are not seen as often because they are costly
physiological
57
what are the two scales of measurement
1. Categorical variables
2. Quantitative variables
58
__________ : there is a distinct amount of categories
e.g. : types of music, nationality, kind of phone
categorical
59
__________ : levels are coded with meaningful numbers
e.g. : how old are you? 1-100
quantitative
60
name the 3 types of quantitative variables
ordinal scale
interval scale
ratio scale
61
Order of finishers in a swimming race would be an example of?
ordinal scale
62
IQ score
shoes size
degree of agreement 1-7
would be an example of?
interval scale
63
*number of questions answered correctly
*height in cm
*how many episodes of a show watched
would be examples of?
ratio scale
64
What are the 3 types of test reliability?
1. Test-retest
2. Interrater
3. Internal
65
Determine which type of reliability this is Test-retest, interrater, or internal
*consistency in RESULTS every time a measure is used
Test-retest reliability
66
Determine which type of reliability this is Test-retest, interrater, or internal
* Degree to which 2+ raters/observers give consistent ratings
Interrater reliability
67
Determine which type of reliability this is Test-retest, interrater, or internal
*consistency in pattern of answers, no matter how a question is phrased
Internal reliability
68
T or F poor interrater reliability could mean you gave bad instructions
True
69
Which scale of measurement is used in each example?
1. eye color
2. rating of well-being on a 5-point scale
3. order of finishers in a 5K race
4. parents’ marital status
5. blood alcohol content
6. degree of pain felt, as rated on a 10-point scale
1. categorical
2. interval
3. ordinal
4. categorical
5. ratio
6. interval
70
T or F good interrater AND test-retest reliability will have close to a straight line on a plot
True
71
T or F for a measure to be reliable it does not need to have consistency
False, a reliable measure MUST ALWAYS have consistency
reliability = consistency
72
T or F you can have a reliable measure that is not accurately valid
True, all a measure needs to be considered reliable is consistency. Validity is not required
73
What does Cronbach's alpha measure?
internal consistency/ reliability
74
Cronbach's alpha = ?
= .8
so if a study measures close to .8 it has internal consistency/ reliability
75
T or F using subscales requires you to calculate multiple Cronbach's alpha because if not it will lower it.
True
76
Face validity and content validity are both subjective ways to asses validity T or F
True
77
Determine which type of validity this is face, content, criterion, discriminant, or convergent
*It looks like what you want to measure
Face validity
78
Determine which type of validity this is face, content, criterion, discriminant, or convergent
*The measure contains all parts that your theory says it should contain
content validity
79
Determine which type of validity this is face, content, criterion, discriminant, or convergent
*Does the measure correlate with key behaviors
*known-groups paradigm is a way to gather evidence for it
*external results
Criterion validity
80
Determine which type of validity this is face, content, criterion, discriminant, or convergent
*is the measure related to things it should be related to
*does the pattern make sense
*internal results
convergent validity
81
Determine which type of validity this is face, content, criterion, discriminant, or convergent
*is the measure related to things it should NOT be related to?
*internal results
discriminant validity
82
T or F A measure can be less valid than it is reliable, but it cannot be more valid than it is reliable.
True
83
T or F Reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity.
True
84
For which type of validity do we need to collect empirical evidence?
A. face validity
B. criterion validity
C. content validity
D. internal validity
criterion validity
85
If I demonstrate, in a sample of people, that my new self-report measure of extroversion correlates with an observation of the number of conversations each person has in a day, I have demonstrated __________ validity.
A. face
B. content
C. criterion
D. discriminant
C. criterion
86
What are the 4 Merton's scientific norms
Communality
Universalism
Disinterestedness
Organized skeptisism
87
Freely sharing ideas, discoveries, and materials
Communality
88
A universal truth is attainable and should be pursued
universalism
89
pursuit of the truth without personal interest
Disinterestedness
90
The detached scrutiny of all beliefs and claims
organized skepticism
