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Research Methods > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the producer role important?

A
  1. For coursework in psychology
  2. For graduate school
  3. For working in a research lab
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2
Q

Why is the consumer role important?

A

1.For psychology courses
2. When reading printed or online news stories based on research

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3
Q

The use of verifiable evidence as the basis for conclusions and collecting data

A

Empiricism

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4
Q

Scientists are empiricists T or F?

A

True

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5
Q

The following are all examples of what?
Pharmaceutical companies
Marketing
Scientists

A

Producers

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6
Q

Theory and hypothesis differ in that ______ are more broad while _________ are specific test.

A

Theories are more broad
Hypothesis are specific test

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7
Q

Studies DO prove theories T or F?

A

False, studies DO NOT prove theories

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8
Q

A feature of a scientific theory, in which it is possible to collect data that will indicate that the theory is wrong.

A

Falsifiability

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9
Q

Good theories are falsifiable T or F?

A

True

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10
Q

A statement or set of statements that describes GENERAL principles about how variables relate to one another

A

Theory

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11
Q

A statement of the SPECIFIC result the researcher expects to observe from a particular study, if the theory is accurate. Also called prediction.

A

Hypothesis

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12
Q
  1. _________ _________is the absence of the basics like food, shelter, clothing, and health care.
  2. ________ _______ is the condition of being deprived in COMPARISON to others in the society.
A
  1. Absolute deprivation
  2. Relative deprivation
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13
Q

Name the 6 parts of the theory data cycle in order

A

Theory -> research questions -> research design -> hypothesis -> pre-registered -> data

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14
Q

Define applied research

A

Research whose goal is to find a solution to a particular real-world problem

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15
Q

Research whose goal is to enhance the general body of knowledge, without regard for direct application to practical problems.

A

Basic research

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16
Q

Research that uses knowledge derived from basic research to develop and test solutions to real-world problems

A

Translational research

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17
Q

_____-_______ is the strongest form of information you can have

A

Meta-analysis

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18
Q

If we use the availability heuristic, we are basing our beliefs on
A. what others think.
B. what we see popular people do.
C. what comes to mind easily.

A

C. What comes to mind easily

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19
Q

What does it mean to say that research is probabilistic?
A. Researchers refer to the probability that their theories are correct.
B. Research predicts all possible results
C. Research conclusions are meant to explain a certain proportion of possible cases, but not all.
D. If there are exceptions to a research result, it means the theory is probably incorrect.

A

C. Research conclusions are meant to explain a certain proportion of possible cases, but not all.

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20
Q

Peoples beliefs can be based on what 4 things?

A
  1. Experience
  2. Intuition
  3. Authorities
  4. Controlled Research
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21
Q

Group in experiment whose independent variable differs from that of those of the treatment group

A

Comparison group

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22
Q

An alternative explanation for a research; threatens internal validity

A

confound

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23
Q

Availability heuristic

A

A bias where people rely predominantly on instances that easily come to mind

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24
Q

People incorrectly estimate a relationship in an event, focusing only on times that the event/outcome is PRESENT

A

Present bias

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25
Q

A bias where people only consider the evidence that supports them and their ideas.

A

confirmation bias

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26
Q

Tendency for people to think they are less likely to engage in biased reasoning

A

Bias blind spot

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27
Q

Averaging the effect sizes of all studies that have tested the same variable

A

Meta-analysis

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28
Q

*Being swayed by a good story
*Being persuaded by what easily comes to mind (availability heuristic)
*Failing to think about what we cannot see
*Focusing on the evidence we like best
*Being biased about being biased

These are all ways that _________ can be biased

A

Intuition

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29
Q

2 of psychology’s most important sources/ journal articles are what?

A

Empirical journal articles
Review journal articles

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30
Q

Components of an empirical journal article in order include what 6 things?

A

1.Abstract
2.Introduction
3.Method
4.Results
5.Discussion
6.References

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31
Q

Three necessary criteria for causal claims are
A. covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity.
B. association, construct validity, and generalizability.
C. operationalization, temporal precedence, and construct validity.

A

A. covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity.

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32
Q

To support an association claim, a study would have to have
A. one variable.
B. two manipulated variables.
C. two or more measured variables.

A

C. two or more MEASURED variables.

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33
Q

Which of the following headlines is a causal claim?
A. Holding a gun may make you think others are too.
B. Younger people can’t read emotions on wrinkled faces.
C. Strange but true: Babies born in the autumn are more likely to live to 100.
D. Check the baby! Many new moms show signs of OCD.

A

A. Holding a gun may MAKE you think others are too.

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34
Q
  1. _________ = varies , constant = _________
  2. ________ variable = you don’t do anything to, _________ variable = you do something to
  3. __________ variable = what are you looking to measure, __________ definition = how are you measuring it?
A
  1. Variable = varies, constant = same
  2. measured variable = you don’t do anything to, manipulated variable = you do something to
  3. conceptual variable = what are you looking to measure? operational definition = how are you measuring it?
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35
Q

If a conceptual variable is HAPPINESS, examples of an operational definition would be?

A

smiling, laughing, waving, etc.

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36
Q

words like “assigned” and “given” are indicators that the researcher controlled that variable T or F?

A

True

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37
Q

Determine which claim this is Frequency, Association, or Causal.

  • Describes particular level or degree of a SINGLE variable
    *Only claim that involves ONE measured variable
    *Usually has numbers associated with it but not always
    *Uses words like “most” or “very few”
A

Frequency claim

38
Q

Determine which claim this is Frequency, Association, or Causal.

*Argues that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable.
*Claims are supported by studies that have AT LEAST TWO measured variables.
*Variables that are associated are said to correlate.

A

Association claim

39
Q

More spread data = weaker or stronger correlation?

A

weaker

40
Q

Both positive and negative associations can help us make predictions but ______ associations CAN NOT

A

Zero associations

41
Q

key words such as: “linked to”, “more/less likely to”, “prefers”, “may predict”, “goes with”, “tied to”, “correlated with”, etc. indicate that the claim is

A

An association claim

42
Q

Determine which claim this is Frequency, Association, or Causal.

*Argues that one variable causes change in the level of another variable.
*Claims are supported by experiments (studies that have a manipulated variable and a measured variable.)

A

Causal claim

43
Q

key words such as “causes”, “affects”, “makes”, “promotes”, “reduces”, “adds”, “increases/decreases”, etc. indicate that the claim is

A

A causal claim

44
Q

What are the 4 BIG validities?

A
  1. Construct validity
  2. External validity
  3. Statistical validity
  4. Internal validity
45
Q

Determine which validity this is construct, internal, external, or statistical

*how well variables in a study are measured
* the extent to which the operational variables in a study are a good approximation of the conceptual variables

A

Construct validity

46
Q

Determine which validity this is construct, internal, external, or statistical

*the extent to which the results of the study generalize to some larger population outside of the study

A

External validity

47
Q

Determine which validity this is construct, internal, external, or statistical

*how well the numbers support the claim
- how strong the effect is
- the precision of the estimate (confidence interval)

A

Statistical validity

48
Q

Determine which validity this is construct, internal, external, or statistical

*In a relationship between one variable (A) and another (B), the extent to which (A) rather than some other variable (C), is responsible for changes in B

A

Internal validity

49
Q

T or F, no confound = bad internal validity

A

False, no confound = GOOD internal validity

50
Q

T or F small confidence interval = good statistical validity

A

True

51
Q

T or F smaller samples generate better statistical validity

A

False, BIGGER samples = better statistical validity

52
Q

A(an) __________ measure operationalizes a variable by recording a participant’s __________.
A. behavioral; intrapersonal thoughts
B. physiological; biological data
C. observational; questionnaire answers D. self-report; observable behavior

A

B. physiological; biological data

53
Q

A researcher finds that when 40 people take a five-item measure of extroversion, their answers to each of the five items are correlated. This is
A. internal validity.
B. test-retest reliability.
C. internal reliability.
D. interrater reliability

A

C. internal reliability.

54
Q
  1. Choose the correlation coefficient, r, with the STRONGEST relationship.
    A. .01
    B. -.10
    C. -.76
    D. .52
A

C. -.76

negative or positive does not matter, simply pay attention to how big the number is

55
Q

Name the 3 common types of measure

A
  1. Self-report
  2. observational
  3. physiological
56
Q

_________ measures are not seen as often because they are costly

A

physiological

57
Q

what are the two scales of measurement

A
  1. Categorical variables
  2. Quantitative variables
58
Q

__________ : there is a distinct amount of categories

e.g. : types of music, nationality, kind of phone

A

categorical

59
Q

__________ : levels are coded with meaningful numbers

e.g. : how old are you? 1-100

A

quantitative

60
Q

name the 3 types of quantitative variables

A

ordinal scale
interval scale
ratio scale

61
Q

Order of finishers in a swimming race would be an example of?

A

ordinal scale

62
Q

IQ score
shoes size
degree of agreement 1-7

would be an example of?

A

interval scale

63
Q

*number of questions answered correctly
*height in cm
*how many episodes of a show watched

would be examples of?

A

ratio scale

64
Q

What are the 3 types of test reliability?

A
  1. Test-retest
  2. Interrater
  3. Internal
65
Q

Determine which type of reliability this is Test-retest, interrater, or internal

*consistency in RESULTS every time a measure is used

A

Test-retest reliability

66
Q

Determine which type of reliability this is Test-retest, interrater, or internal

  • Degree to which 2+ raters/observers give consistent ratings
A

Interrater reliability

67
Q

Determine which type of reliability this is Test-retest, interrater, or internal

*consistency in pattern of answers, no matter how a question is phrased

A

Internal reliability

68
Q

T or F poor interrater reliability could mean you gave bad instructions

A

True

69
Q

Which scale of measurement is used in each example?
1. eye color
2. rating of well-being on a 5-point scale
3. order of finishers in a 5K race
4. parents’ marital status
5. blood alcohol content
6. degree of pain felt, as rated on a 10-point scale

A
  1. categorical
  2. interval
  3. ordinal
  4. categorical
  5. ratio
  6. interval
70
Q

T or F good interrater AND test-retest reliability will have close to a straight line on a plot

A

True

71
Q

T or F for a measure to be reliable it does not need to have consistency

A

False, a reliable measure MUST ALWAYS have consistency

reliability = consistency

72
Q

T or F you can have a reliable measure that is not accurately valid

A

True, all a measure needs to be considered reliable is consistency. Validity is not required

73
Q

What does Cronbach’s alpha measure?

A

internal consistency/ reliability

74
Q

Cronbach’s alpha = ?

A

= .8

so if a study measures close to .8 it has internal consistency/ reliability

75
Q

T or F using subscales requires you to calculate multiple Cronbach’s alpha because if not it will lower it.

A

True

76
Q

Face validity and content validity are both subjective ways to asses validity T or F

A

True

77
Q

Determine which type of validity this is face, content, criterion, discriminant, or convergent

*It looks like what you want to measure

A

Face validity

78
Q

Determine which type of validity this is face, content, criterion, discriminant, or convergent

*The measure contains all parts that your theory says it should contain

A

content validity

79
Q

Determine which type of validity this is face, content, criterion, discriminant, or convergent

*Does the measure correlate with key behaviors
*known-groups paradigm is a way to gather evidence for it
*external results

A

Criterion validity

80
Q

Determine which type of validity this is face, content, criterion, discriminant, or convergent

*is the measure related to things it should be related to
*does the pattern make sense
*internal results

A

convergent validity

81
Q

Determine which type of validity this is face, content, criterion, discriminant, or convergent

*is the measure related to things it should NOT be related to?
*internal results

A

discriminant validity

82
Q

T or F A measure can be less valid than it is reliable, but it cannot be more valid than it is reliable.

A

True

83
Q

T or F Reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity.

A

True

84
Q

For which type of validity do we need to collect empirical evidence?

A. face validity
B. criterion validity
C. content validity
D. internal validity

A

criterion validity

85
Q

If I demonstrate, in a sample of people, that my new self-report measure of extroversion correlates with an observation of the number of conversations each person has in a day, I have demonstrated __________ validity.

A. face
B. content
C. criterion
D. discriminant

A

C. criterion

86
Q

What are the 4 Merton’s scientific norms

A

Communality
Universalism
Disinterestedness
Organized skeptisism

87
Q

Freely sharing ideas, discoveries, and materials

A

Communality

88
Q

A universal truth is attainable and should be pursued

A

universalism

89
Q

pursuit of the truth without personal interest

A

Disinterestedness

90
Q

The detached scrutiny of all beliefs and claims

A

organized skepticism

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