exam 2

Question 1

what best illustrates a side effect?

Answer 1

nausea and dizziness experienced after starting a new medication

Question 2

what is the relationship between drug tolerance and withdrawal?

Answer 2

Tolerance can lead to heightened withdrawal symptoms

Question 3

what describes animal experiments on rewards in self-brain stimulation?

Answer 3

Animals demonstrate a strong preference for self-stimulation, often over natural rewards

Question 4

In addition to important changes in the dopamine system, ________ from synapses in the _________ appears to be involved in the development and persistence of addiction

Answer 4

glutamate; nucleus accumbens

Question 5

Drugs that facilitate the activity of the synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be_______ of that neurotransmitter

Answer 5

Agonists

Question 6

Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitters receptors on the postsynaptic membrane without activating them

Answer 6

receptor blockers and antagonists of the neurotransmitter

Question 7

Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitters auto receptors without activating them are usually

Answer 7

agonists

Question 8

Which of the following is a drug that acts to block reuptake mechanisms

Answer 8

prozac

Question 9

Which of the following neurotransmitters belong to the catecholamine group

Answer 9

Dopamine

Question 10

Which neurotransmitter system is associated with diffuse modulatory signaling and plays a crucial role in regulating mood, arousal, and sleep

Answer 10

serotonin system

Question 11

Drugs administered________ become bioavailable the most rapidly

Answer 11

Intravenously (IV)

Question 12

Factors that influence drug absorption include

Answer 12

stomach content, solubility of a drug, area of absorbing surface

Question 13

Tolerance decreases the likelihood of withdrawal symptoms

Answer 13

False

Question 14

In______ tolerance, the behavioral effects of alcohol _______ when blood alcohol levels are falling compared to when BAC is rising

Answer 14

acute; decrease

Question 16

Alcohol increases synaptic levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by

Answer 16

increasing the firing rate of cells in the VTA

Question 17

If an individual compulsively uses a drug, repeatedly attempts abstinence, but relapses back into compulsive use again, they are considered

Answer 17

addicted to the drug

Question 18

A state of decreased sensitivy to a drug as a result of previous exposure to the drug is called

Answer 18

tolerance

Question 19

Which technique has allowed researchers to study the effects of psychostimulants on measures like DAT occupancy in the living human brain?

Answer 19

PET

Question 20

If two people take the same dose of cocaine but one takes it orally and one injects it, they will likely have _______ neurochemical and behavioral responses because _______.

Answer 20

different; both dose and route of administration affect response

Question 21

Repeated exposure to cocaine and other psychostimulants

Answer 21

can cause either behavioral tolerance or sensitization, depending on the pattern of exposure.

Question 22

DAT (Dopamine Transporter) knockout mice do not self-administer cocaine, which suggests that

Answer 22

blockade of the DAT (DA transporter) plays a key role in the reinforcing action of cocaine.

Question 23

What is the fastest way to administer nicotine to the brain?

Answer 23

smoking

Question 24

Which statement about nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is true?

Answer 24

They are ionotropic receptors and conduct Na+ and Ca2+ ions across the cell membrane causing depolarization and a fast excitatory response.

Question 25

The reinforcing effects of nicotine

Answer 25

depends on the dopamine pathway to the nucleus accumbens and involves the β2, α4, and α6 subunits of the nicotinic receptor.

Question 26

Eating while drinking alcohol _______ its absorption by _______ gastric emptying.

Answer 26

slows down; slowing down

Question 27

The first step in the metabolism of alcohol is its conversion to

Answer 27

acetaldehyde.

Question 28

During withdrawal from chronic alcohol use an increase in _______ is correlated with an increase in signs of _______.

Answer 28

glutamate release; CNS hyperexcitability