exam 2 Flashcards
what best illustrates a side effect?
nausea and dizziness experienced after starting a new medication
what is the relationship between drug tolerance and withdrawal?
Tolerance can lead to heightened withdrawal symptoms
what describes animal experiments on rewards in self-brain stimulation?
Animals demonstrate a strong preference for self-stimulation, often over natural rewards
In addition to important changes in the dopamine system, ________ from synapses in the _________ appears to be involved in the development and persistence of addiction
glutamate; nucleus accumbens
Drugs that facilitate the activity of the synapses of a particular neurotransmitter are said to be_______ of that neurotransmitter
Agonists
Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitters receptors on the postsynaptic membrane without activating them
receptor blockers and antagonists of the neurotransmitter
Drugs that bind to a neurotransmitters auto receptors without activating them are usually
agonists
Which of the following is a drug that acts to block reuptake mechanisms
prozac
Which of the following neurotransmitters belong to the catecholamine group
Dopamine
Which neurotransmitter system is associated with diffuse modulatory signaling and plays a crucial role in regulating mood, arousal, and sleep
serotonin system
Drugs administered________ become bioavailable the most rapidly
Intravenously (IV)
Factors that influence drug absorption include
stomach content, solubility of a drug, area of absorbing surface
Tolerance decreases the likelihood of withdrawal symptoms
False
In______ tolerance, the behavioral effects of alcohol _______ when blood alcohol levels are falling compared to when BAC is rising
acute; decrease
Alcohol increases synaptic levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by
increasing the firing rate of cells in the VTA
If an individual compulsively uses a drug, repeatedly attempts abstinence, but relapses back into compulsive use again, they are considered
addicted to the drug
A state of decreased sensitivy to a drug as a result of previous exposure to the drug is called
tolerance
Which technique has allowed researchers to study the effects of psychostimulants on measures like DAT occupancy in the living human brain?
PET
If two people take the same dose of cocaine but one takes it orally and one injects it, they will likely have _______ neurochemical and behavioral responses because _______.
different; both dose and route of administration affect response
Repeated exposure to cocaine and other psychostimulants
can cause either behavioral tolerance or sensitization, depending on the pattern of exposure.
DAT (Dopamine Transporter) knockout mice do not self-administer cocaine, which suggests that
blockade of the DAT (DA transporter) plays a key role in the reinforcing action of cocaine.
What is the fastest way to administer nicotine to the brain?
smoking
Which statement about nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) is true?
They are ionotropic receptors and conduct Na+ and Ca2+ ions across the cell membrane causing depolarization and a fast excitatory response.
The reinforcing effects of nicotine
depends on the dopamine pathway to the nucleus accumbens and involves the β2, α4, and α6 subunits of the nicotinic receptor.
Eating while drinking alcohol _______ its absorption by _______ gastric emptying.
slows down; slowing down
The first step in the metabolism of alcohol is its conversion to
acetaldehyde.
During withdrawal from chronic alcohol use an increase in _______ is correlated with an increase in signs of _______.
glutamate release; CNS hyperexcitability
