Exam 2 Flashcards
The phospholipid bilayer, maintain the fluidity
cell membrane
Helps us maintain heat
thermal insulator
The basis for hormone synthesis
chloresterol
Simple C-H chain that terminates in carboxyl group
fatty acid
Lipids are composed mainly of
carbon-hydrogen bond
Carbon-carbon double bonds fatty acid
Unsaturated
No double bond fatty acid
Saturated
Configuration that both hydrogen atoms on the same side of double bond, can cause a bend in molecular structure, increase space that require when pack together, more fluid
cis configuration
triglycerides that oil at RT and a plant source
unsaturated
Configuration that has physical properties similar to saturated fatty acid, not common in nature
trans configuration
unsaturated steroid alcohol, synthesis by animals, amphipathic, plant-phytosterols
cholesterol
delivery fuel to peripheral cell, amphipathic cholesterol and phospholipid on the surface, hydrophobic and neutral triglyceride and cholesterol esters on the inside
lipoproteins
help maintain structural integrity on lipoproteins, serve as ligands, activators and inhibitors of various enzymes
apolipoproteins
hyaluronidase is added to which fluid prior to analysis
synovial
what is the reference range for fasting glucose
70-99
which of the following Ha1c result would best correspond to 126
6%
most abundant cation in ECF and determines the osmolarity of plasma
sodium
expected pO2 arterial circulation
90mmHg
does not describe phospholipid
unsaturation steroid alcohol
CSF electrophoresis is used for diagnosis of
multiple sclerosis
conversion of glucose, and other hexoses, into lactate and pyruvate for production of energy is called
glycolysis
lipoproteins that transports exogenous triglycerides
chylomicron
which type of tube can not be run on electrolytes
lavender
patient has a glucose of 150 what would you expect their CSF glucose
92
equation for calculate LDL
total protein - hdl - trg/5
byproduct of anaerobic metabolism, monitoring in ill patient, avoid tourniquet
lactase
non-reducing sugar
sucrose
what is the index value of csf to sereum albumin to indicate an intact blood brain barrier
<9
csf glucose should be how much of serum glucose
60-70%
hormone that does not regulate calcium
AVP
PTH
vitamin D
calcitonin
AVP
Full compensation of bicarb:carbonic
20:1
CSF protein should be how much of serum protein
0.5-1%
lipids composes mainly of which bonds
carbon-hydrogen
produce by intestine, transports exogenous triglycerides, hydrophobic core
chylomicrons
produced by liver, major carrier of endogenous triglycerides, hydrophobic core
VLDL
synthesized from VLDL in blood circulation
LDL
synthesize by both liver and intestine, reverse cholesterol transport, smallest
HDL
group of condition causing arteries to build up
arterioclerosis
specific type of arteriosclerosis
atherosclerosis
osmolal gap
difference between calculated and determined osmolality, should be less than 5-10 units
the major intracellular cation in body, concentration 20 times greater inside than the outside
potassium
a sic walt
hypokalemia
murder
hyperkalemia
major extracellular anion, maintain osmolality, blood volume
chloride
second most abundant anion in ECF
bicarb
4th most abundant cation in body, second intracellularly
Magnesium
essential for myocardial contraction, part of bones
calcium
found everywhere in living cells, participates in key biochemical processes, 80% in bone
phosphorus
Phosphate: reabsorption inhibited by PTH
Calcium: reabsorbed under influence of PTH
Magnesium: reabsorption occurs in Henle’s loop
Sodium: reabsorbed through three mechanisms
Chloride: reabsorbed by passive transport in proximal tubule
Potassium: reabsorbed by two mechanisms
Bicarbonate: recovered from glomerular filtrate
renal tubules
classification based on e properties
– Size of base carbon chain
– Location of the CO function
group
– Number of sugar units
– Stereochemistry of the
compound
carbohydrate
2 forms of carbohydrate
aldose, ketose
Formed when two monosaccharide units are joined by a glycosidic linkage.
During hydrolysis split into two monosaccharides by disaccharide enzymes
disaccharides
structure that linkage of many monosaccharides
polysaccharides
the stored form of glucose that’s made up of many connected glucose molecules
glycogen
breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
glycogenolysis
formation of glucose-6-phosphate from non carbohydrate sources
gluconeogenesis
conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
glycogenesis
insulin from pancreatic beta cells
fed state
glucagon from pancreatic alpha cells
fasting state
HbA1c> 6.5%
fasting plasma glucose >126
2h plasma glucose >200
random plasma glucose >200
diabetes mellitus
epinephrine from adrenal medulla
fight or flight
> 140 mg/dL one hour after 50-g glucose load screening
TWO of four results abnormal in 100 g glucose load test:
fasting plasma glucose > 95 mg/dL
180 mg/dL at 1 hr
155 mg/dL at 2 hrs
140 mg/dL at 3 hrs
gestational diabetes
irreversible reaction occurring throughout the 120-day life span of RBC
reflects timed average [glucose] over previous 4-8 weeks
Glycated hemoglobin
4 main markers of CSF
glucose, protein, lactate, glutamine
CSF prealbumin higher concentrations than serum is consider
normal
Normal value of index of CSF IgnG
<0.73
Formed by the combination of ammonia and glutamate, Elevated in patients with hepatic encephalopathy
glutamine
