Chemistry Exam 1 Flashcards
Which of the following acute-phase reactant proteins decreases during inflammation?
Transferrin
α1-Antitrypsin
Haptoglobin
Fibrinogen
Transferrin
Which of the following refers to the three-dimensional spatial configuration of a single
polypeptide chain determined by disulfide linkages, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic
attractions, and van der Waals forces?
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure
Tertiary structure
Which of the following plasma proteins is primarily responsible for maintaining in vivo
colloidal osmotic pressure?
Albumin
Hemoglobin
Fibrinogen
α2-Macroglobulin
albumin
Peptide bond is:
An amino group and carboxyl group bonded to an alpha-carbon
A double carbon bond between the alpha-carbons of two amino acids
An amino group bonded to a carboxyl group of another amino acid
Two carboxyl groups bonded to the alpha-carbon of an amino acid
An amino group and carboxyl group bonded to an alpha-carbon
Which of the following results would correlate best with malnutrition and a poor
protein–caloric status?
Decreased prealbumin
Decreased γ-globulins
Elevated ceruloplasmin
Elevated α1-fetoprotein
Decreased prealbumin
Which of the following conditions would correlate best with a normal level of
myoglobin?
Multiple myeloma
Acute myocardial infarction
Acute renal failure
Skeletal muscle injury
Multiple myeloma
An immunofixation protein electrophoresis is performed on serum from a patient with
the most common type of multiple myeloma. The resulting pattern would most likely
reveal which of the following?
An IgG monoclonal band
Oligoclonal bands
Significant β–γ bridging
An IgM monoclonal band
An IgG monoclonal band
Which of the following would indicate a plasma specimen was used for protein
electrophoresis instead of serum?
A small peak between the β- and γ-globulins
A broad increase in the γ-globulin fraction
A bridge between the α1- and α2-globulins
A significantly decreased albumin peak
A small peak between the β- and γ-globulins
Which of the following conditions would correlate best with an elevated serum total
protein with high levels of both albumin and globulins?
Myocardial infarction
Dehydration
Glomerulonephritis
Liver cirrhosis
Dehydration
Which of the following urine total protein results would correlate best with a patient with
nephrotic syndrome?
Higher than normal
Normal
Lower than normal
Similar to levels in CSF total protein levels
Higher than normal
This type of protein group is symmetric and soluble in saline
Globular
what BUN/CREAT ratio is associated with post renal azotemia
10-20:1
This protein protects elastin in the lungs by inhibiting neutrophil elastase
alpha-1 antitrypsin
Which enzyme is found mostly in the intracellular fluid, specifically the cytoplasm and mitochondria
AST
what enzyme is present in human saliva
S amylase
For a technologist to successfully determine enzyme activity, which aspect of enzyme kinetics has to be overcome to determine activity
1st order
which liver enzyme has the greatest specificity for damaged liver tissue
ALT
An energy source utilized by muscles
Creatine phosphate
Protein haves >40% carbohydrates attached
Mucoproteins
Negative acute phase reactant that transports and stores iron
transferin
Visible light at 700nm appears as the color
red
the concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed or inversly proportional to the logarithm of the transmitted light
beers law
The major excretory product of protein metabolism/catabolism
Urea
Main protein constituent contributing to oncotic pressure
albumin
Urea is formed to neutralize the toxic effect of what waste product
ammonia
type of proteins have 10-40% carbohydrate attached
Glycoproteins
what enzyme is the most specific for acute pancreatitis
Lipase
What BUN/CREAT ratio is associated with prerenal azotemia
> 20:1
what liver maker is the most sensitive for alcoholism
GGT
If the object is to measure enzyme activity, where on the initial velocity vs substrate concentration plot should the substrate concentration be fixed at
zero order phase
visible light at 400nm appears as the color
violet
A transporter protein for T3, T4, and Vitamin A
Prealbumin
This is the product of the breakdown of purine bases
uric acid
This type of protein group is asymmetric and water insoluble
Fibrous
This type of analytical method measures scattered light by placing a detector at a 90*angle
nephelometry
this kidney biomarker is not affected by diet
Creatinine
the most common secondary structure of a protein is
alpha helix
enzyme historically used to assess prostate health before being replaced by PSA
Acid phosphate
In stomach, what breaks down proteins into peptides
pepsin
measurable range
linear range
this type of analytical method is prone to needing more frequent calibration due to background signals
chemiluminescence
this is caused by a deficiency in both protein and overall calories
marasmus
Nitrogen containing compounds are not proteins or polypeptides
True
Which one of the following is not an NPN substance?
Allantoin
Ammonia
Creatinine
Urea
ammonia
Which compound constitutes nearly half of the NPN substances in the blood?
Ammonia
Creatine
Urea
Uric acid
Urea
Which blood collection tube additive can be used to collect a specimen for
measurement of urea?
Ammonium
Lithium heparin
Sodium citrate
Sodium fluoride
lithium heparin
Prerenal azotemia is caused by
Acute renal failure
Chronic renal failure
Congestive heart failure
Urinary tract obstruction
congestive heart failure
Which condition is not associated with elevated plasma uric acid concentration?
Allopurinol overtreatment
Gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Renal disease
allopurinol overtreatment
Uric acid nephrolithiasis refers to
Acidification of the urine to dissolve renal calculi
Formation of renal calculi composed of uric acid
Precipitation of urates in the urinary tract
Saturation of the kidney with uric acid
Formation of renal calculi composed of uric acid
Creatinine excretion typically
Decreases from childhood to middle age
Does not vary with age and sex
Is higher for females than for males
Is highest for adult men aged 18 to 50 year
Is highest for adult men aged 18 to 50 year
When a reaction is performed in zero-order kinetics
The rate of the reaction is independent of the substrate concentration
The substrate concentration is very low
The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the substrate concentration
The enzyme level is always high
The rate of the reaction is independent of the substrate concentration
Activation energy is
Decreased by enzymes
The energy needed for an enzyme reaction to stop
Increased by enzymes
Very high in catalyzed reactions
Decreased by enzymes
Enzyme reaction rates are increased by increasing temperatures until they reach the
point of denaturation at
40–60°C
25–35°C
100°C
37°C
40–60°C
Activity of enzymes in serum may be determined rather than concentration because
The amount of enzyme is too high to measure
The amount of enzyme is too low to measure
The temperature is too high
There is not enough substrate
The amount of enzyme is too low to measure
Which of the following preanalytical errors most commonly causes false increases in
serum enzyme measurements?
The patient was not fasting prior to blood draw.
The blood sample was not maintained on ice upon collection and during transport to
the laboratory.
The serum was not separated from red blood cells within 1 hour.
The patient smoked three cigarettes just prior to blood collection.
The blood sample was not protected from light upon collection and during transport
to the laboratory
The serum was not separated from red blood cells within 1 hour
Enzymes that exist in multiple forms that are molecularly different but can act on the same substrate are termed:
isoenzymes
ALP levels may be increased in
liver or bone disease
The protein part of the enzyme molecule with the cofactor is
holoenzyme
Non-protein substances that are essential for enzyme activity and must bind to
the enzyme before reactions take place
Cofactors
organic substances loosely bound to proteins that
are required for enzyme function, participate in the reaction but are not substrates for
the enzyme
Coenzymes
An inactive, secreted form of the enzyme
zymogen
Pathological condition in which the proximal tubules in the kidneys do not reabsorb glucose, amino acids, uric acids, and bicarbonates resulting in their loss to the urine concentrate.
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
Gout
Congestive heart failure
Fanconi Syndrome
fanconi syndrome
Which of the following serves as the glomerular filtration rate for clinicians?
Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid
Ammonia
creatinine
What does an increase in serum enzyme levels indicate?
Decreased enzyme catabolism
Accelerated enzyme production
Tissue damage and necrosis
Increased glomerular filtration rat
Tissue damage and necrosis
The following statement could be used to describe zero-order kinetics:
Substrate is present in excess, rate of reaction is constant with time and dependent only on the concentration of enzyme in the system.
True
These type of inhibitors may allow substrate binding but will inhibit the formation of product by demonstrating allosteric inhibition.
Competitive inhibitors
Non-competitive inhibitors
Uncompetitive inhibitors
All inhibitors do this
Non-competitive inhibitors
Measurement of the amount of light that can pass through a sample at a 180° angle from the incident light
Made with a spectrophotometer to determine the concentration of
particulate matter in a sample
turbidimetry
Used to measure concentration by detecting the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atoms rather than by molecules
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
