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Clinical Chemistry > Chemistry Exam 1 > Flashcards

Chemistry Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which of the following acute-phase reactant proteins decreases during inflammation?
Transferrin
α1-Antitrypsin
Haptoglobin
Fibrinogen

A

Transferrin

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2
Q

Which of the following refers to the three-dimensional spatial configuration of a single
polypeptide chain determined by disulfide linkages, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic
attractions, and van der Waals forces?
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure

A

Tertiary structure

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3
Q

Which of the following plasma proteins is primarily responsible for maintaining in vivo
colloidal osmotic pressure?
Albumin
Hemoglobin
Fibrinogen
α2-Macroglobulin

A

albumin

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4
Q

Peptide bond is:
An amino group and carboxyl group bonded to an alpha-carbon
A double carbon bond between the alpha-carbons of two amino acids
An amino group bonded to a carboxyl group of another amino acid
Two carboxyl groups bonded to the alpha-carbon of an amino acid

A

An amino group and carboxyl group bonded to an alpha-carbon

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5
Q

Which of the following results would correlate best with malnutrition and a poor
protein–caloric status?
Decreased prealbumin
Decreased γ-globulins
Elevated ceruloplasmin
Elevated α1-fetoprotein

A

Decreased prealbumin

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6
Q

Which of the following conditions would correlate best with a normal level of
myoglobin?
Multiple myeloma
Acute myocardial infarction
Acute renal failure
Skeletal muscle injury

A

Multiple myeloma

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7
Q

An immunofixation protein electrophoresis is performed on serum from a patient with
the most common type of multiple myeloma. The resulting pattern would most likely
reveal which of the following?
An IgG monoclonal band
Oligoclonal bands
Significant β–γ bridging
An IgM monoclonal band

A

An IgG monoclonal band

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8
Q

Which of the following would indicate a plasma specimen was used for protein
electrophoresis instead of serum?
A small peak between the β- and γ-globulins
A broad increase in the γ-globulin fraction
A bridge between the α1- and α2-globulins
A significantly decreased albumin peak

A

A small peak between the β- and γ-globulins

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9
Q

Which of the following conditions would correlate best with an elevated serum total
protein with high levels of both albumin and globulins?
Myocardial infarction
Dehydration
Glomerulonephritis
Liver cirrhosis

A

Dehydration

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10
Q

Which of the following urine total protein results would correlate best with a patient with
nephrotic syndrome?
Higher than normal
Normal
Lower than normal
Similar to levels in CSF total protein levels

A

Higher than normal

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11
Q

This type of protein group is symmetric and soluble in saline

A

Globular

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12
Q

what BUN/CREAT ratio is associated with post renal azotemia

A

10-20:1

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13
Q

This protein protects elastin in the lungs by inhibiting neutrophil elastase

A

alpha-1 antitrypsin

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14
Q

Which enzyme is found mostly in the intracellular fluid, specifically the cytoplasm and mitochondria

A

AST

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15
Q

what enzyme is present in human saliva

A

S amylase

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16
Q

For a technologist to successfully determine enzyme activity, which aspect of enzyme kinetics has to be overcome to determine activity

A

1st order

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17
Q

which liver enzyme has the greatest specificity for damaged liver tissue

A

ALT

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18
Q

An energy source utilized by muscles

A

Creatine phosphate

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19
Q

Protein haves >40% carbohydrates attached

A

Mucoproteins

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20
Q

Negative acute phase reactant that transports and stores iron

A

transferin

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21
Q

Visible light at 700nm appears as the color

A

red

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22
Q

the concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed or inversly proportional to the logarithm of the transmitted light

A

beers law

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23
Q

The major excretory product of protein metabolism/catabolism

A

Urea

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24
Q

Main protein constituent contributing to oncotic pressure

A

albumin

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25
Q

Urea is formed to neutralize the toxic effect of what waste product

A

ammonia

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26
Q

type of proteins have 10-40% carbohydrate attached

A

Glycoproteins

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27
Q

what enzyme is the most specific for acute pancreatitis

A

Lipase

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28
Q

What BUN/CREAT ratio is associated with prerenal azotemia

A

> 20:1

29
Q

what liver maker is the most sensitive for alcoholism

A

GGT

30
Q

If the object is to measure enzyme activity, where on the initial velocity vs substrate concentration plot should the substrate concentration be fixed at

A

zero order phase

31
Q

visible light at 400nm appears as the color

A

violet

32
Q

A transporter protein for T3, T4, and Vitamin A

A

Prealbumin

33
Q

This is the product of the breakdown of purine bases

A

uric acid

34
Q

This type of protein group is asymmetric and water insoluble

A

Fibrous

35
Q

This type of analytical method measures scattered light by placing a detector at a 90*angle

A

nephelometry

36
Q

this kidney biomarker is not affected by diet

A

Creatinine

37
Q

the most common secondary structure of a protein is

A

alpha helix

38
Q

enzyme historically used to assess prostate health before being replaced by PSA

A

Acid phosphate

39
Q

In stomach, what breaks down proteins into peptides

A

pepsin

40
Q

measurable range

A

linear range

41
Q

this type of analytical method is prone to needing more frequent calibration due to background signals

A

chemiluminescence

42
Q

this is caused by a deficiency in both protein and overall calories

A

marasmus

43
Q

Nitrogen containing compounds are not proteins or polypeptides

A

True

44
Q

Which one of the following is not an NPN substance?
Allantoin
Ammonia
Creatinine
Urea

A

ammonia

45
Q

Which compound constitutes nearly half of the NPN substances in the blood?
Ammonia
Creatine
Urea
Uric acid

A

Urea

46
Q

Which blood collection tube additive can be used to collect a specimen for
measurement of urea?
Ammonium
Lithium heparin
Sodium citrate
Sodium fluoride

A

lithium heparin

47
Q

Prerenal azotemia is caused by
Acute renal failure
Chronic renal failure
Congestive heart failure
Urinary tract obstruction

A

congestive heart failure

48
Q

Which condition is not associated with elevated plasma uric acid concentration?
Allopurinol overtreatment
Gout
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
Renal disease

A

allopurinol overtreatment

49
Q

Uric acid nephrolithiasis refers to
Acidification of the urine to dissolve renal calculi
Formation of renal calculi composed of uric acid
Precipitation of urates in the urinary tract
Saturation of the kidney with uric acid

A

Formation of renal calculi composed of uric acid

50
Q

Creatinine excretion typically
Decreases from childhood to middle age
Does not vary with age and sex
Is higher for females than for males
Is highest for adult men aged 18 to 50 year

A

Is highest for adult men aged 18 to 50 year

51
Q

When a reaction is performed in zero-order kinetics
The rate of the reaction is independent of the substrate concentration
The substrate concentration is very low
The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the substrate concentration
The enzyme level is always high

A

The rate of the reaction is independent of the substrate concentration

52
Q

Activation energy is
Decreased by enzymes
The energy needed for an enzyme reaction to stop
Increased by enzymes
Very high in catalyzed reactions

A

Decreased by enzymes

53
Q

Enzyme reaction rates are increased by increasing temperatures until they reach the
point of denaturation at
40–60°C
25–35°C
100°C
37°C

A

40–60°C

54
Q

Activity of enzymes in serum may be determined rather than concentration because
The amount of enzyme is too high to measure
The amount of enzyme is too low to measure
The temperature is too high
There is not enough substrate

A

The amount of enzyme is too low to measure

55
Q

Which of the following preanalytical errors most commonly causes false increases in
serum enzyme measurements?
The patient was not fasting prior to blood draw.
The blood sample was not maintained on ice upon collection and during transport to
the laboratory.
The serum was not separated from red blood cells within 1 hour.
The patient smoked three cigarettes just prior to blood collection.
The blood sample was not protected from light upon collection and during transport
to the laboratory

A

The serum was not separated from red blood cells within 1 hour

56
Q

Enzymes that exist in multiple forms that are molecularly different but can act on the same substrate are termed:

A

isoenzymes

57
Q

ALP levels may be increased in

A

liver or bone disease

58
Q

The protein part of the enzyme molecule with the cofactor is

A

holoenzyme

59
Q

Non-protein substances that are essential for enzyme activity and must bind to
the enzyme before reactions take place

A

Cofactors

60
Q

organic substances loosely bound to proteins that
are required for enzyme function, participate in the reaction but are not substrates for
the enzyme

A

Coenzymes

61
Q

An inactive, secreted form of the enzyme

A

zymogen

62
Q

Pathological condition in which the proximal tubules in the kidneys do not reabsorb glucose, amino acids, uric acids, and bicarbonates resulting in their loss to the urine concentrate.

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
Gout
Congestive heart failure
Fanconi Syndrome

A

fanconi syndrome

63
Q

Which of the following serves as the glomerular filtration rate for clinicians?
Urea
Creatinine
Uric acid
Ammonia

A

creatinine

64
Q

What does an increase in serum enzyme levels indicate?
Decreased enzyme catabolism
Accelerated enzyme production
Tissue damage and necrosis
Increased glomerular filtration rat

A

Tissue damage and necrosis

65
Q

The following statement could be used to describe zero-order kinetics:

Substrate is present in excess, rate of reaction is constant with time and dependent only on the concentration of enzyme in the system.

A

True

66
Q

These type of inhibitors may allow substrate binding but will inhibit the formation of product by demonstrating allosteric inhibition.
Competitive inhibitors
Non-competitive inhibitors
Uncompetitive inhibitors
All inhibitors do this

A

Non-competitive inhibitors

67
Q

Measurement of the amount of light that can pass through a sample at a 180° angle from the incident light
Made with a spectrophotometer to determine the concentration of
particulate matter in a sample

A

turbidimetry

68
Q

Used to measure concentration by detecting the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atoms rather than by molecules

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Clinical Chemistry (6 decks)

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