Exam 2

Question 1

what does a ventrodorsal open mouth view of the skull target

Answer 1

nasal cavity and maxilla

Question 2

what does a rostrocaudal view of the skull target

Answer 2

frontal sinuses

Question 3

what does a rostrocaudal open mouth view target

Answer 3

tympanic bulla

Question 4

canine and feline spine numbers

Answer 4

7 cerv, 13 t, 7 l, 3 s, variable caudal

Question 5

best views for cardiac evaluation (opposite of lungs)

Answer 5

DV and right lateral

Question 6

velocity of sound through average ST

Answer 6

1540

Question 7

U/S power vs gain

Answer 7

power is how much sound put in (resolution) where gain is a multiplier (contrast)

Question 8

three normal types of US probes

Answer 8

phased array (cardiac), curvilinear and linear

Question 9

how does frequency relate to resolution

Answer 9

higher frequency is better resolution but decreased penetration (8 MHz = 8 cm)

Question 10

side lobe artifact

Answer 10

sound outside the patient gets picked up by the ultrasound receiver, can be interpreted as inside the patient

Question 11

3 causes of a cranioventral lung pattern

Answer 11

pneumonia, hemorrhage, and neoplasia

Question 12

2 causes of caudodorsal lung pattern

Answer 12

cardiogenic pulmonary edema or non cardiogenic pulmonary edema (DIC, electrocution, vasculitis)

Question 13

what can cause diffuse decreased opacity in the lungs

Answer 13

hypovascular causes

Question 14

what are the causes of a reverse D sign

Answer 14

severe pulmonic stenosis in a young dog and heartworms in an old dog

Question 15

what does a large artery mean?

Answer 15

pulmonary hypertension

Question 16

what does a large vein mean?

Answer 16

left sided heart failure

Question 17

what causes both the artery and vein to be large?

Answer 17

over circulation (PDA or fluid overload)

Question 18

how big does a lung met have to be to be seen?

Answer 18

5mm

Question 19

bernoulli equation

Answer 19

p = 4 v^2

Question 20

three roentgen signs of pleural fluid

Answer 20

lungs small and retracted from body wall, ST opacity between lungs abd dorsal to sternum

Question 21

what does a “tenting” of the diaphragm indicate

Answer 21

tension pneumo

Question 22

sign of tracheobronchial lymph node enlargement

Answer 22

bowlegged bronchioles

Question 23

signs of heart base mass

Answer 23

displaces trachea dorsally AND laterally