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bio final > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The diagram above shows a chemical reaction. How would you describe this reaction?

A

In this reaction, the free energy in the products is higher than the free energy of reactants, so the reaction is endergonic and nonspontaneous.

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2
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacillus. This means that it is __________

A

rod shaped and stains red-pink

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3
Q

Taxol is a drug that is commonly used to treat cancer patients. Taxol binds to tubulin and inhibits the formation and function of microtubules. Which of the following statements BEST describes the consequences of being treated with Taxol.

A

Cancer cells treated with Taxol will be trapped in the M (mitosis) phase of the cell cycle.

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4
Q

Where does CO2 come from during cellular respiration?

A

CO2 is generated by oxidation of glucose.

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5
Q

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus with +ssRNA. This means that it _____

A

reverse transcribes its RNA into DNA

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6
Q

Which step in cellular respiration generates the most reduced energy carriers from breaking the bonds in the fuel molecules?

A

citric acid cycle

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7
Q

unlike bacteria, archaea __.

A

do not carry out photosynthesis

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8
Q

____ produce antibodies that circulate in the blood

A

B cells

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9
Q

Which step in cellular respiration generates the most ATP?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

Bacteria often transfer genetic material between themselves. _____________ is the viral transference of genetic material.

A

transduction

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11
Q

Where do plants get their energy and carbon to form glucose?

A

Plants are phototrophs and autotrophs. They get their energy from the sun and their carbon from CO2

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12
Q

PCR and Sanger Sequencing both use components of DNA replication. Which of the following is a significant DIFFERENCE between PCR and Sanger Sequencing?

A

PCR uses deoxynucleotides that have a 3’ OH, whereas Sanger Sequencing uses dideoxynucleotides that lack a 3’ OH.

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13
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A

Antibiotics exploit differences between eukaryotic cells and bacteria to control infections.

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14
Q

the innate immune system __.

A

has no memory

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15
Q

Which of the following RNA processing steps results in multiple different proteins from one RNA?

A

RNA splicing

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16
Q

Which of the following statements regarding transcription is CORRECT?

A

Transcription makes single stranded copies of selective segments of DNA called genes.

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17
Q

What would be the consequence of preventing Prometaphase?

A

The chromosomes would not be able to interact with the microtubules.

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18
Q

In general, viruses only infect host cells that _______

A

express the appropriate surface receptor for the virus

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19
Q

A red panda is eating bamboo. Which of the following statements about this interaction is CORRECT?

A

The red panda is a heterotroph that is eating an autotroph.

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20
Q

Given the following DNA sequence, 5’-ATGCCGTTAGCG-3’, which of the following represents the complementary strand?

A

5’-CGCTAACGGCAT-3’

21
Q

Use the diagram above to answer the following question. The dotted line shows the origin of replication. To the LEFT of the dotted line, where is the lagging strand synthesized?

A

bottom strand

22
Q

what organelle is used for cellular respiration?

A

mitochondria

23
Q

Variation in the influenza virus that produces novel hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) is called ______

A

antigenic shift

24
Q

Using the diagram above, what happens during Step 1 of PCR?

A

Double stranded DNA is denatured to single stranded DNA by increasing the temperature.

25
Q

The enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK1) controls the third step of glycolysis. This step requires the consumption of ATP. The activity of this enzyme is allosterically regulated, suggesting which of the following:

A

The activity of PFK1 is controlled by the binding of activators and inhibitors to a site distinct from the active site.

26
Q

The genetic material of a virus is surrounded by an __

A

capsid

27
Q

Which of the following statements BEST describes the chemical reaction shown in the picture above?

A

The reaction above shows the hydrolysis of ATP, which is exergonic and spontaneous.

28
Q

Which of the following changes to a cell would be MOST LIKELY to lead to the development of cancer?

A

A mutation that activates a proto-oncogene and a mutation that inactivates a tumor suppressor.

29
Q

adaptive immunity __.

A

is highly selective for a given pathogen

30
Q

Which of the following cells is not part of the adaptive immune response?

A

neutrophils

31
Q

___ like macrophages engulf foreign cells and cellular debris

A

phagocytes

32
Q

how does carbon enter the calvin sycle?

A

Carbon enters the Calvin Cycle as CO2.

33
Q

Which of the following CORRECTLY explains the differences between anabolic and catabolic reactions.

A

Anabolic reactions like protein synthesis require energy and have a +ΔG.

34
Q

All of the following are elements of the Central Dogma EXCEPT:

A

transcription of RNA to form DNA

35
Q

Which of the following is a key DIFFERENCE between the electron transport chain in the mitochondria and the photosynthetic electron transport chain in the chloroplast?

A

NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to provide the power to pump protons in the mitochondria, whereas light absorbed by chlorophyll provides the power to pump protons in the chloroplast.

36
Q

What happens to glucose during cellular respiration?

A

Glucose is oxidized, and it loses its electrons to energy carriers NAD+ and FAD.

37
Q

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A

Bacteria often have plasmids that contain genes of adaptive value.

38
Q

Which double stranded DNA template is MOST LIKELY to be the first to dissociate when the temperature is increased.

A

5’-ATAAATTAAATTA-3’

3’-TATTTAATTTAAT-5’

39
Q

______ are small circles of DNA that replicate independently of a bacterium’s circular chromosome.

A

plasmid

40
Q

The premise behind vaccination is that the initial exposure to a virus like influenza will___________.

A

produce memory T and B cells that will rapidly respond to a second exposure

41
Q

The two key steps of photosynthesis are which of the following?

A

Light capture from the sun into usable chemical energy and carbon fixation converting CO2 to C6H12O6.

42
Q

The energy in ATP is stored in which part of the molecule?

A

The energy is stored in the weak bonds of the phosphates

43
Q

During translation, how is the reading frame established?

A

The small ribosomal unit, initiation factors, and tRNA carrying Met, assemble on the mRNA, and scan for the AUG.

44
Q

Which of the following statements suggests that viruses are not a life form?

A

They cannot replicate their genome without a host cell.

45
Q

Which of the following statements regarding G2 of the cell cycle is CORRECT?

A

A cell in G2 will have twice the amount of DNA as a cell in G1.

46
Q

Humans typically suffer from H1N1 influenza infections. The H5N1 influenza virus of 1997 made humans infected by it very sick but did not cause a flu pandemic. Which statement BEST explains why that was true?

A

It was not easily transmitted between humans.

47
Q

Given the following DNA sequence, 5’-ATGAGCCTCAT-3’, which of the following represents the mRNA sequence created during transcription?

A

5’-AUGAGGCUCAU-3’

48
Q
A

bio final (3 decks)

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