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animal science final > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the study of inheritance

A

genetics

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2
Q

rodlike bodies contained within the nucleus of a cell

A

chromosome

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3
Q

functional units of inheritance

A

genes

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4
Q

location of gene in a chromosome

A

locus

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5
Q

corresponding in type of structure and derived from a common primitive origin

A

homologous

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6
Q

designating an individual that possesses unlike genes for a particular trait

A

heterozygous

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7
Q

any observable or measurable characteristic of an individual

A

trait

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8
Q

an observed category or measured level of performance for a trait of an individual

A

phenotype

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9
Q

allele with the greater effect is dominant over its recessive counterpart

A

dominant vs. recessive

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10
Q

increase in productivity in crossbred progeny above the average of the breeds that were crossed

A

heterosis

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11
Q

hybrid vigor =

A

heterosis

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12
Q

mating of animals more closely related than the average population

A

inbreeding

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13
Q

mating of animals not as closely related as the average of the population

A

outbreeding

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14
Q

quickly identifies desirable and undesirable genes

A

inbreeding

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15
Q

mild form of inbreeding, used to maintain a high genetic relationship to an outstanding ancestor

A

line breeding

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16
Q

crossing so the strengths of the breeds compliment one another

A

heterosis

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17
Q

subjectively measured

A

qualitative

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18
Q

objectively measured

A

quantitative

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19
Q

all the elements of the genetic model for quantitative traits applied to the individual as opposed to a population

A

value

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20
Q

result of both the cumulative effects of the individual genes and the effect of gene combinations

A

genotype

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21
Q

expression of a given trait

A

phenotype

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22
Q

summation of all non-genetic influences

A

environment

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23
Q

total of all the independent genetic effects in an animal on a given trait

A

breeding value

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24
Q

portion of the genotype attributed to the gene combinations unique to particular animal

A

non-additive value

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25
Q

true or false: non-additive values are passed on to the next generation

A

false

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26
Q

superiority of selected animals compared to herd average

A

selection differential

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27
Q

portion of the selection differential that is passed from parent to offspring

A

heritability

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28
Q

high heritable traits

A

40%+

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29
Q

medium heritability

A

20-39%

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30
Q

low heritability

A

<20%

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31
Q

genetic change/year

A

heritability x selection differential generation interval

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32
Q

average age of parents when offspring are born

A

generation interval

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33
Q

basis for selection

A

pedigree, individual performance/appearance, progeny testing

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34
Q

EPD

A

Expected progeny differences

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35
Q

EPD’s are calculated for traits by utilizing information on

A

individual, siblings, ancestors, progeny

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36
Q

pure breds with recorded pedigree

A

seedstock producers

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37
Q

cross two or more breeds or lines of breeding

A

commercial producers

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38
Q

knowing which genes 2 animals have in common and if they exist in homo or hetero

A

relationship

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39
Q

inbreeding increases ….

A

homozygosity

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40
Q

in inbreeding 60-70% of herds show …

A

detrimental effects

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41
Q

in inbreeding 30-40% show…

A

no detrimental effects

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42
Q

inbred animals with superior performance are most likely to have …..

A

superior breeding value

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43
Q

crossbreeding is used for

A

complementation of breeds and heterosis

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44
Q

increase in productivity in the progeny above the average line that are crossed

A

heterosis

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45
Q

unrelated animals within the same breed are mated which increases heterozygosity

A

outcrossing

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46
Q

outcrossing is usefulness is ….

A

dependent upon selection

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47
Q

the ovary produces

A

ova (eggs), estrogen, and progesterone

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48
Q

site of fertilization

A

oviducts

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49
Q

muscle under skin of scrotum

A

tunica dartos

50
Q

sexual maturity for cattle

A

12 months

51
Q

sexual maturity for swine

A

6-7 months

52
Q

sexual maturity for sheep

A

6-7 months

53
Q

sexual maturity for horses

A

15-18 months

54
Q

anatomy of the udder

A

streak canal, teat cistern, gland cistern, duct & ductules, lobes and lobules,

55
Q

the fundamental growing units of mammary tissue

A

lobules

56
Q

in the functional milk unit, milk is … and …

A

synthesized and released

57
Q

alveoli i made of …, …., and…

A

alveoli cells, myo-epithelial cells, capillaries

58
Q

contracts in response to oxytocin

A

myo-epithelial cells

59
Q

mammary growth… aka

A

mammogenesis

60
Q

mammary growth starts during ….

A

embryonic and fetal period

61
Q

results in duct development and an increase in cell number

A

estrus effect

62
Q

involved in lengthening and branching ducts

A

estrogen

63
Q

duct and ductile cell multiplication

A

progestrone

64
Q

causes lobuloalveolar development

A

progesterone and estrogen

65
Q

innitiation of lactation

A

lactogenesis

66
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

67
Q

types of digestion

A

mechanical action, chemical action, enzymatic action

68
Q

mastication, saliva (amylase)

A

mouth

69
Q

low pH (HCL), (enzyme activation)

A

stomach

70
Q

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

A

small intestine

71
Q

microbial fermentation (VFA’s–horses &rabbits)

A

large intestine/cecum

72
Q

four compartment stomach

A

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

73
Q

microbial vat

A

rumen

74
Q

honeycomb

A

reticulum

75
Q

many leaves

A

omasum

76
Q

true stomach

A

abomasum

77
Q

cud chewing, allows for rapid ingestion of feed, and complete mastication at a later time

A

rumination

78
Q

elimination of gasses produced from microbial fermentation

A

eructation

79
Q

the rumen is covered with ….

A

papilla

80
Q

tongue like projections

A

papilla

81
Q

traps hardware and aids in regurgitation

A

reticulum

82
Q

many leaves or plies

A

omasum

83
Q

true stomach

A

abomasum

84
Q

bypasses rumen, passageway that extends from esophagus

A

esophageal groove

85
Q

which species has a cecum for microbial fermentation after primary absorptive areas

A

horses

86
Q

which species has an enlarged esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard and 2 paired ceca

A

poultry

87
Q

which species has the most human like digestive structure

A

pigs

88
Q

organic catalyst that speeds a chemical reaction without being altered by the reaction

A

enzyme

89
Q

HCL activates digestive enzymes

A

stomach

90
Q

chyme or digest mixed with secretions occurs in …

A

small intestine

91
Q

moves from high concentrations to low

A

passive absorption

92
Q

involves energy (ATP, NADH, and others)

A

active absorption

93
Q

VFA production occurs in the …

A

rumen

94
Q

used for energy, fatty acids

A

acetate

95
Q

used for energy, gluconeogenesis

A

propionate

96
Q

used for energy, fatty acids

A

butyrate

97
Q

VFA’s go to liver

A

acetate, propionate, butryate

98
Q

most forgotten nutrient

A

water

99
Q

sources of water

A

dry matter of feedstuffs, metabolic water

100
Q

nutrient with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

A

carbohydrates

101
Q

mono and di-saccharides

A

simple

102
Q

starch, glycogen, cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose

A

complex

103
Q

types of carbohydrates

A

simple and complex

104
Q

types of fats

A

saturated and unsaturated

105
Q

no double bonds, solid at room temp

A

saturated

106
Q

double bonds, liquid at room temp

A

unsaturated

107
Q

six classes of nutrients

A

water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins

108
Q

% crude protein =

A

% N (100/16=6.25)

109
Q

how many essential amino accids are there

A

10

110
Q

acronym for amino acids

A

PVT TIM HALL

111
Q

used by ruminal microbes to create microbal proteins

A

non-protein nitrogen

112
Q

types of minerals

A

macro and micro

113
Q

minerals added at high concentrations

A

macro

114
Q

minerals added at low concentrations, but required

A

micro

115
Q

types of macro minerals

A

calcium, phosphorus, chlorine, magnesium, potassium, sodium, sulfur

116
Q

types of micro minerals

A

co, cu, fl, l, fe, mn, mo, se, zn

117
Q

types of vitamins

A

fat soluble and water soluble

118
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E,K

119
Q

water soluble vitamins

A

c, b-vitamins

120
Q

apparent digestibility of feeds equation

A

[(nutrient in feed-nutrient in feces x 100)/nutrient in feed]

121
Q
A

animal science final (2 decks)

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