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animal science final > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do we domesticate animals

A

dependable food source, greater abundance/herd size, safer, less time required

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2
Q

extend of food is …. related to the standard of living

A

directly

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3
Q

why do we feed animals when we can feed humans the same inputs

A

animals utilize feeds we cannot

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4
Q

basic forms of energy

A

sugar, starch, cellulose

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5
Q

50% of solar energy is trapped as…

A

cellulose

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6
Q

40% of world’s ag land can be used only by …..

A

ruminants

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7
Q

feed to gain ration

A

lbs of feed/lbs of gain

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8
Q

beef feed to gain ratio

A

8:1

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9
Q

swine feed to gain ratio

A

3: 1

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10
Q

poultry feed to gain ratio

A

2:1

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11
Q

fish feed to gain ratio

A

1.5: 1

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12
Q

animal needs to be …. prior to harvest

A

unconscious

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13
Q

types of unconscious stunning

A

electrocution, captive bolt, carbon dioxide

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14
Q

exsanguinate

A

drain blood

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15
Q

what internal organs are removed during harvest

A

drop, viscera, offal

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16
Q

types of muscle firmness and wetness for pigs

A

pale soft exudative and dark firm dry

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17
Q

yield for hogs

A

74-75%

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18
Q

yield for cattle

A

60%

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19
Q

yield for sheep

A

50%

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20
Q

dressing percentage calculation

A

[(hot or cold) carcass weight/live weight ] x 100

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21
Q

water percentage

A

65-70%

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22
Q

protein percentage

A

15-20%

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23
Q

fat percentage

A

2-12%

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24
Q

mineral percentage

A

1%

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25
Q

by products adds $…. per pound of live weight

A

$.05 to $.12

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26
Q

yolk is high in … and …

A

cholesterol and fat

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27
Q

cattle number is …. and production is …

A

declining, increasing

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28
Q

calf phase 0-8 months

A

cow-calf

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29
Q

calf phase 8-12 months

A

stocker, yearling

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30
Q

calf phase 12-18 months

A

feeder/feedlot

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31
Q

types of beef

A

prime, choice, select, standard, commercial, utility, cutter, canner

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32
Q

poultry uses … which is start-finish, centralized and controlled production

A

vertical integration

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33
Q

phases of production for swine (type of pig)

A

weaner pig, feeder pig, finisher

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34
Q

types of operations for swine

A

farrow to wean, farrow to finish, wean or feeder to finish

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35
Q

…million sheep in 1942 and …million in 1996

A

56, 9

36
Q

two largest expenditures are … and …

A

food and healthcare

37
Q

sources of greenhouse gas

A

enteric fermentation, land application of manure, manure storage/treatment

38
Q

CAFO’s

A

Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

39
Q

…% of illness due to improper handling/prep in food service business

A

77

40
Q

…% illness due to improper handling/prep at home

A

20

41
Q

…% due to food manufacturing defects or failure

A

3

42
Q

HACCP

A

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Plans

43
Q

livestock industry changes: maximization of … and minimization of …

A

efficiency, input cost

44
Q

profit loss equation

A

profit loss = (production (lbs) x price) - costs

45
Q

anthropomorphism

A

ascribing human characteristics to non-human things

46
Q

first freedom approach

A

freedom from thirst, hunger, and malnutrition

47
Q

second freedom approach

A

freedom from discomfort

48
Q

third freedom approach

A

freedom from pain, injury, and disease

49
Q

fourth freedom approach

A

freedom from fear and distress

50
Q

fifth freedom approach

A

freedom from abuse and neglect

51
Q

humans are … responsible and can make …..

A

morally, moral choices

52
Q

stimulus

A

adaptagent

53
Q

a change in one or more outputs in behavioral, functional, immune or structural traits as a response to an adaptagent

A

adaptate

54
Q

successfully copes with 1 or more adaptagents

A

adapts

55
Q

failing to cope with adaptagents, adaptagent is called a …

A

stressor

56
Q

four categories of stress

A

understress, eustress, overstress, distress

57
Q

animal needs

A

physiologic, safety, behavioral, preferences/demands

58
Q

many anomalous behaviors are caused by stress due …

A

frustration and/or aversive situations

59
Q

animal may cope with frustration in … ways

A

4

60
Q

we cannot evaluate …. as we cannot know an animal’s …..

A

conscious suffering, conscious activities

61
Q

overall … and … are sensitive indicators of state-of-being

A

health and performance

62
Q

satisfactory state-of-being over a range of conditions provided by various production systems

A

welfare plateau

63
Q

constantly monitored via central nervous system

A

internal environment

64
Q

ways animals responds to unfavorable situation

A

neural signals, neuro-endocrine signals, endocrine signals

65
Q

agricultural strategies must accord with local climatic realities

A

external environment

66
Q

most common factor affecting production

A

effect of temperature and air quality

67
Q

types of adaptation by the animal

A

BMR, feed intake, shiver or sweat, congregation and location change, hair coat and fat cover

68
Q

tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance

A

homeostasis

69
Q

intensive confinement considerations

A

costly, minimum space desirable, space requirements

70
Q

range of temperature, where heat production and loss are equal

A

thermalneutral zone

71
Q

lower limit of TNZ pt. at which heat production must rise as temperature falls

A

critical temp

72
Q

upper limit of TNZ, heat loss must rise as temp rises

A

point of hyper thermal rise

73
Q

accounts for other environmental factors

A

effective ambient temperature

74
Q

growth is not as simple as ….

A

body weight gain

75
Q

factors that can impact growth

A

genetic and environmental factors

76
Q

growth is a change in ….

A

size, form, composition

77
Q

number of muscle cells, determined during prenatal growth

A

hyperplasia

78
Q

increase in cell size, during postnatal development

A

hypertrophy

79
Q

fat that is under the hide or skin, “external”

A

subcutaneous fat

80
Q

fat in abdominal cavity which surrounds kidney, heart, and pelvic area

A

internal fat

81
Q

seam fat, fat between muscle groups

A

intermuscular fat

82
Q

fat within the muscles, marbling

A

intramuscular fat

83
Q

degradation

A

catabolism

84
Q

growth

A

anabolism

85
Q
A

animal science final (2 decks)

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