exam 1 Flashcards
Why do we domesticate animals
dependable food source, greater abundance/herd size, safer, less time required
extend of food is …. related to the standard of living
directly
why do we feed animals when we can feed humans the same inputs
animals utilize feeds we cannot
basic forms of energy
sugar, starch, cellulose
50% of solar energy is trapped as…
cellulose
40% of world’s ag land can be used only by …..
ruminants
feed to gain ration
lbs of feed/lbs of gain
beef feed to gain ratio
8:1
swine feed to gain ratio
3: 1
poultry feed to gain ratio
2:1
fish feed to gain ratio
1.5: 1
animal needs to be …. prior to harvest
unconscious
types of unconscious stunning
electrocution, captive bolt, carbon dioxide
exsanguinate
drain blood
what internal organs are removed during harvest
drop, viscera, offal
types of muscle firmness and wetness for pigs
pale soft exudative and dark firm dry
yield for hogs
74-75%
yield for cattle
60%
yield for sheep
50%
dressing percentage calculation
[(hot or cold) carcass weight/live weight ] x 100
water percentage
65-70%
protein percentage
15-20%
fat percentage
2-12%
mineral percentage
1%
by products adds $…. per pound of live weight
$.05 to $.12
yolk is high in … and …
cholesterol and fat
cattle number is …. and production is …
declining, increasing
calf phase 0-8 months
cow-calf
calf phase 8-12 months
stocker, yearling
calf phase 12-18 months
feeder/feedlot
types of beef
prime, choice, select, standard, commercial, utility, cutter, canner
poultry uses … which is start-finish, centralized and controlled production
vertical integration
phases of production for swine (type of pig)
weaner pig, feeder pig, finisher
types of operations for swine
farrow to wean, farrow to finish, wean or feeder to finish
…million sheep in 1942 and …million in 1996
56, 9
two largest expenditures are … and …
food and healthcare
sources of greenhouse gas
enteric fermentation, land application of manure, manure storage/treatment
CAFO’s
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
…% of illness due to improper handling/prep in food service business
77
…% illness due to improper handling/prep at home
20
…% due to food manufacturing defects or failure
3
HACCP
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Plans
livestock industry changes: maximization of … and minimization of …
efficiency, input cost
profit loss equation
profit loss = (production (lbs) x price) - costs
anthropomorphism
ascribing human characteristics to non-human things
first freedom approach
freedom from thirst, hunger, and malnutrition
second freedom approach
freedom from discomfort
third freedom approach
freedom from pain, injury, and disease
fourth freedom approach
freedom from fear and distress
fifth freedom approach
freedom from abuse and neglect
humans are … responsible and can make …..
morally, moral choices
stimulus
adaptagent
a change in one or more outputs in behavioral, functional, immune or structural traits as a response to an adaptagent
adaptate
successfully copes with 1 or more adaptagents
adapts
failing to cope with adaptagents, adaptagent is called a …
stressor
four categories of stress
understress, eustress, overstress, distress
animal needs
physiologic, safety, behavioral, preferences/demands
many anomalous behaviors are caused by stress due …
frustration and/or aversive situations
animal may cope with frustration in … ways
4
we cannot evaluate …. as we cannot know an animal’s …..
conscious suffering, conscious activities
overall … and … are sensitive indicators of state-of-being
health and performance
satisfactory state-of-being over a range of conditions provided by various production systems
welfare plateau
constantly monitored via central nervous system
internal environment
ways animals responds to unfavorable situation
neural signals, neuro-endocrine signals, endocrine signals
agricultural strategies must accord with local climatic realities
external environment
most common factor affecting production
effect of temperature and air quality
types of adaptation by the animal
BMR, feed intake, shiver or sweat, congregation and location change, hair coat and fat cover
tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance
homeostasis
intensive confinement considerations
costly, minimum space desirable, space requirements
range of temperature, where heat production and loss are equal
thermalneutral zone
lower limit of TNZ pt. at which heat production must rise as temperature falls
critical temp
upper limit of TNZ, heat loss must rise as temp rises
point of hyper thermal rise
accounts for other environmental factors
effective ambient temperature
growth is not as simple as ….
body weight gain
factors that can impact growth
genetic and environmental factors
growth is a change in ….
size, form, composition
number of muscle cells, determined during prenatal growth
hyperplasia
increase in cell size, during postnatal development
hypertrophy
fat that is under the hide or skin, “external”
subcutaneous fat
fat in abdominal cavity which surrounds kidney, heart, and pelvic area
internal fat
seam fat, fat between muscle groups
intermuscular fat
fat within the muscles, marbling
intramuscular fat
degradation
catabolism
growth
anabolism
