EXAM 2 Flashcards
what is catharsis
purging of emotions
- watch emotional content in order t release emotions
what is hedonic motivations
pleasure
- general tendencies that maximize pleasure
- ex- comedies
- light hearted
eudaemonic motivations
things that challenge you in some way
- think abut the human condition/ think about the meaning of life
- more meaningful content
what is telic hedonism
postponement of pleasure with the intention of experiencing it later
- feel bad now, do better later
downward spiral comparison
“my life seems pretty good in comparison to them”
- we compare ourselves to similar other who are slightly worse to increase your self worth
what does it mean when we say “enjoyment as a meta emotion “
we don’t enjoy the content itself, but we enjoy the process of watching content that is not necessarily pleasant
what are the potential implications of sexual media according to social cognitive theory
positive portrays of sex did not increase positive attitudes towards premarital sex
negative portrayals did decrease attitudes tward premarital sex
those who saw negative portrayals showed more negative moral judgement to the people in the episode than did those who saw positive portrayals
what is social cognitive theory
views people as active agents who can influence or be influenced by their environment
behavior is learned through experience
example of social cognitive theory
bobo doll experiment
what is self efficiency
level of persons confidence in their ability to preform a behavior
impacts of sexual content
mechanisms and potential effects/possible outcomes
t/f - enjoyment and appreciation are mutually exclusive
false
appreciation
more meaningful response to content
moving/ thought provoking
mixed affect
two types of motivation in selecting media
hedonic
eudaimonic
contact hypothesis
the idea that stereotypes towards a group will diminish as contact with the group increases
more contact with someone from another group can ___ your opinions about that group
improve
parasocial contact hypothesis
theory that explains that we can have contact with individuals from other cultures by seeing them portrayed in different authentic media - influence how we understand a different culture
t/f parasocial contact hypothesis does NOT need to be face to face
true
parasocial contact hypothesis also works with
race relations
sexual orientations
health - related stigma
other marginalized
those who saw ___ portrayals showed more ___ moral judgement to the people in the episode than did those who saw positive portrayals
negative
what is physiological arousal
general response such as elevated heart rate, blood pressure and skin conductance
what is arousal
activation of the central nervous system, autonomic nervous system and the muscles and glands
t/f the excitation transfer valence does not matter
true
what is excitation transfer
if you have 2 arousing events in short time periods between, the second one will be way increased. multiplication of arousals
what is habituation effects
repeated exposure leads to lower arousal
t/f - obscenity is protected by the 1st amendment
false
reduction in anger/ aggression via media violence
catharsis and sensitization
increases anger and aggression via media violence
priming and social learning
what is sensitization
repeated exposure makes us more sensitive and organisms become more responsive over time
mean world syndrome
heavy tv watchers of violent programs believe that the world is more dangerous and violent place than facts
associative priming
people encounter things that are typically associated or found together in the same context
what is priming
we may associate certain actions with acceptable responses
t/f associative priming cannot change over time
false
social learning
learning through observing others
what is the difference between social learning and social cognitive theory
social cognitive theory is more broad and includes the idea that humans are capable of shaping their environment
social learning focuses only on the learning process in social context
where do emotions fit into media
emotions you have before, during and after watching something
emotions give a component that is purly…
psychological arousal
what is a function of psychological arousal
emotional intensity
arousal is not strongly differentiated through ____
emotions
what are the 5 characteristics of emotions
- cognitive appraisal
- physiological arousal
- subjective feeling
- motivational component
- motor expression
what is the discrete emotion approach
emotions are separate stress with unique appraisals and action tendencies
each of them is a distinct affective stress
what is a metaphor we can use to differentiate emotions from moods
weather (emotions) and climate (moods)
what are the differences between moods and emotions
mood does not have identifiable target, long lasting and low arousal
emotions have identifiable target, quick to fade and high arousal
what are meta emotions
how we feel about how we feel
how does excitation transfer work
combines the excitement from one event with the arousal from another event
results in the intensification in the second event
what is an example of excitation transfer
ex- watching scary movies, then hearing a sound in your house
what are physiological indicators
automatic responses
arousal
- heart rate
- skin response
- blood pressure
- temperature
why are emotions hard to measure
use self report, but tends to not always be accurate
t/f psychological arousal can tell an emotional response occurring
true
t/f psychological arousal can tell what the emotion is
false
what is a facial emg
shows little changes in facial muscles to help determine emotion
schadenfreude
delight in another persons misfortune
fear stimulus generalization
distortion of natural forms/ dangers and injuries (why horror movies scare us)
dispositional theories of humor in violence
enjoyment at the humiliation of somoene who is disliked
schadenfreude
piagets stages of development
distinct
invarient
universal
sensory motor development
development from brith - 2
object durability and coordination of sensory and motor skills
pre operational development
2-7 years old
child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
what is the intuitive age
4 (ego- centric thinking)
what is concrete operational development
7-12 yers old
thinking logically about concrete events
grasping concrete analogies and preforming arithmetical operations
what is formal operational development
12- adulthood
abstract reasoning and logic
potential for mature and moral reasoning
what developmental stages have to do with fear
different stages fear different things
pre-operational stage basis of fear
difficulty with fantasy/ reality distinctions
- ex- monster movies
centration
difficulty in understanding transformations
pre operational stage basis of fear - egocentrism
- things that can actually happen to them scare them more
pre operational stage basis of fear- centration
young children have a hard time using all information available, instead of focusing on one or 2 salient traits
ex- sweet old lady vs witch looking old lady with cat
- appearance matters
pre operational stage basis of fear- difficulty understanding transformations
caterpillar to butterfly or the hulk and bruce banner
what strategies are more effective in older children
cognitive
what are the two cognitive strategies
minimizing reality
minimizing risk
non- cognitive strategies are effective for ____
both younger and older kids
non cognitive strategies
avoidance
physical activities
other people
desensitization
what is agenda setting
Media influence shapes public perception by prioritizing news, topics, and issues
t/f - the press and media reflect reality
false
the press and media ___ and ____ reality
filter and shape
assumptions of agenda setting
- the press and media don’t shape reality
- media concentration on a few issues leads the public go perceive those issues as more important
computar mediated communication
communication between 2 or more people facilitated by online communication
ex- emails, texts. etc.
what function does computer mediated com. serve
need to belong
- belongingness
- the emotional need to be accepted by the group
what is self presentation
we want to make ourselves look as good as possible for our social groups
enhance our own self worth
what do narcissist positively predict
the frequency of posting status updates, posting photos of self, updating profile info
what is narcism
a preoccupation with ones self
what is third level agenda setting
the media can influence how the public links certain things together
all about relationships
what is framing
the news media postion issues in certain ways to influence the way in which people think about it
whats the difference between framing and 2nd level agenda setting
2nd level agenda setting highlights particular features
what is the spiral of silence
the idea that individuals may be silent about their opinions if they fear they are outside the mainstream
silence makes the mainstream idea more mainstream
thus people are more silent
what are the assumptions of spiral of silence
individuals have a fear of isolation, people avoid social isolation, people observe their social environment and people assume they can gauge what others are thinking
what is confirmation bias
people are biased toward information that confirms their own beliefs
what is media richness theory
the ability of a medium to reproduce info sent over it
richness depends on number of cues and immediately of feedback
media richness theory assumes that the ____
message is the same
what are richer mediums
face to face - richest
bulk mail - weakest
social identity model of deindividuation
we have fewer cues in online communication and we rely on social categories, in-group and outgroup exaggerated
what is the social information processing model
we adapt to the medium, people want harmony regardless of the medium
greater reliance on cues other than nonverbal
ex- being left on read, we know what this means
what is reduction hypothesis
spend less time with real people
online com. hinders closeness with existing friends
what is stimuation hypothesis
online com. leads to self disclosure and disclosure leads to closeness
t/f - we represent ourselves truthfully online
false
what is warranting theory
some cues are more difficult to manipulate or easier to verify
how do you build intimacy
self disclosure
breadth- disclosing lots of different info
depth- disclosing deep info
what is upward social comparison
tend to compare ourselves to similar others
when they are worse off, we feel better about ourselves - and vice versa
