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marine mammal > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

specialist

A

eats one type of prey/species
e.g. crabeater seals

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2
Q

generalist

A

easts various prey/species
e.g. otters

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3
Q

otter diet and foraging

A

diet: sessile, slow moving inverts (sea urchins, clams, oysters, etc)

foraging: use vision and front paws to collect/manipulate prey, employs tools to open shells (rocks)

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4
Q

3 species of pinnipeds that do not follow traditional foraging and why are they an anomaly

A
  1. leopard seals - penguins and other seals
  2. crabeater seals - specialized euphausiid forager
  3. walrus - benthic forager on slow/immobile prey

anomaly because normal diet = fish, squid, fast prey items & generalists

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5
Q

mysticete diet and foraging

A

diet: plankton, small schooling fish

foraging: consume whole schools/patches of prey

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6
Q

three mysticete foraging strategies

A
  1. lunging
  2. bottom feeding
  3. skim feeding
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7
Q

mysticete foraging: lunging

A

e.g. humpback whales

take huge mouthfuls of water and strain prey from it

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8
Q

mysticete foraging: bottom feeding

A

e.g. gray whales

take mouthfuls of liquified mud and strain prey from it

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9
Q

mysticete foraging: skim feeding

A

e.g. bowhead whales

slowly swim through water and letting prey collect in baleen plates & then lick it off

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10
Q

odontocete prey

A

fish, squid, shrimp (fast moving species)

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11
Q

echolocation’s role in foraging

A

use echolocation to detect fish burrowed in sand or in low visibility

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12
Q

odontocete foraging: fish whacking

A

launch fish into air with flukes - stuns/kills fish

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13
Q

odontocete foraging: strand feeding

A

intentionally strand on beach to pursue prey - push them onto shore to corral and catch them

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14
Q

spatial variability in foraging

A

prey destiny/types vary by location

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15
Q

temporal variability in foraging

A

prey density/types vary by season

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16
Q

optimal foraging theory

A

adopt a foraging strategy that maximizes benefits for the least cost to maximize biological fitness

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17
Q

optimal foraging theory example: harbor porpoises

A

avoid less profitable prey (small flounder) and favor more profitable prey (large flounder)

flounder are hard to locate and catch so if you are going to put in the work to catch one it is optimal to catch a large one

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18
Q

sperm whale foraging movement

A

poor feeding conditions: straight line travel (appear to attempt to change locations)

good feeding conditions: zig-zag travel (appear to attempt to stay in same spot)

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19
Q

trophic cascade

A

significant change in the population size of a species at one trophic level effects all of those below them in an ecosystem

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20
Q

trophic cascade example: sea otters

A

reduction in sea otters = increase in sea urchins = reduction of kelp

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21
Q

how to study life history traits

A
  1. follow individuals through lifespan
  2. cohort studies
22
Q

life history traits

A
  1. lifespan
  2. sexual maturity
  3. gestation period
  4. litter size
  5. inter birth interval
  6. lifetime reproduction
  7. mating strategies
23
Q

three pinniped mating strategies

A
  1. terrestrial birth and mating
  2. terrestrial birth, aquatic mating
  3. ice birth, ice/aquatic mating
24
Q

pinniped mating strategy: terrestrial birth and mating

A

females clumped by defensible males on remote islands

males defend resources/territory - females choose males based on resources/territory

high polygyny

25
Q

pinniped mating strategy: terrestrial birth, aquatic mating

A

females clumped together in water - males display on beaches and females choose who to mate with

low to moderate polygyny

26
Q

pinniped mating strategy: ice birth, ice/aquatic mating

A

females not clumped, males defend single female

serial monogamy

27
Q

elephant seal mating strategy

A

large dominant males control female harems (very few) - mate with up to 100 females in a season (mate for only one season then die)

many males delay mating or have NO offspring ever

results in lack of genetic variation as most pups come from the same few fathers

28
Q

delayed implantation

A

fertilized egg waits to implant in uterine wall until sufficient fat stores to support pregnancy

29
Q

induced ovulation

A

won’t release egg until mating has occurred

30
Q

how does delayed implantation and induced ovulation help polar bears?

A
  1. prevents loss of mating opportunity
  2. may not ovulate with sub-optimal mates (avoid sub-optimal genes)
31
Q

litter size and parental care of otters

A

litter: 1

parental care: high maternal care for ~1 yr (sea otter moms take pup everywhere with them)

32
Q

general life history traits of cetaceans

A

lifespan: variable (13-200+ yrs)
sexual maturity: average of 5-7 yrs
gestation period: average of 12 months
litter size: 1
inter birth interval: some annual while others 3-5 yrs

33
Q

mate guarding

A

guard and mate with 1 (maybe 2) females

e.g. indo-pacific bottlenose dolphins in shark bay: 2 males with keep (“kidnap”) a female with them for a long period of time so only they can mate with her

34
Q

laryngeal sound production

A

sound produced through vocal chords in throat (like us)

35
Q

dialect

A

variation of vocalization that is unique to a specific region/group - usually requires potential for genetic exchange

36
Q

vocal learning

A

modification of vocalizations as a result of mimicking other individuals

37
Q

dialect example: elephant seals

A

adult male threat vocalizations at the Ann Nuevo rookery have a slower pulse rate than those at other rookeries

38
Q

vocal learning example: killer whales in British Columbia/Washington

A

high proportion of shared calls in each pod

decreasing acoustic similarities with decreasing relatedness

39
Q

mysticete acoustic communication frequency

A

very low frequency

sounds have to travel long distances and deep sounds go further than high ones

40
Q

whale songs

A

repeated acoustic elements,
found in several species

41
Q

vocal learning in blue whale songs

A

9 stable, regional dialects observed across the different populations

42
Q

odontocete acoustic communication range

A
  • high ultrasonic hearing
  • sounds average of 20,000 to 120,000 Hz
  • also have low band narrow frequency sounds (LNF) that are 500-1000 Hz
43
Q

how do odontocetes produce sound?

A

MLDB complex in nasal passages
(monkey lips dorsal bursae)

44
Q

odontocete whistle

A
  • Most odontocete species
  • Mostly 2,000 – 20,000 Hz
  • Used for communication
  • Highly variable
45
Q

signature whistle

A

learned, individually distinctive whistle types that are suggested to communicate ID info by whistler

46
Q

signature whistle study: dolphins plus

A

seen that mothers will use their signature whistle to call their calves back to them

47
Q

gillnet

A

walls of monofilament netting that hang in the water column (drifting or stationary)

48
Q

gillnets as a threat to marine mammals

A
  • non-discriminate = massive bycatch of marine mammals
  • hard to detect with echolocation/vision
  • do not biodegrade
49
Q

gillnet impact of the vaquita

A

high mortality rates due to gillnets set for illegal fishing of critically endangered totoaba

50
Q

impacts of the deepwater horizon oil spill on marine mammals

A
  • chemicals found in many species
  • associated with multiple standings
  • stillborn dolphin calves (10x more than normal)
  • up to 50% of dolphins dies/seriously ill

marine mammal (2 decks)

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