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marine mammal > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

marine mammal characteristics

A

1) lives in and/or is dependent on the marine environment
2) has anatomical and physiological adaptations for living in the Marine environment

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2
Q

all mammal characteristics

A

1) hair
2) mammary glands
3) there middle ear bones
4) neocortex region in brain

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3
Q

whale differentiating characteristics

A
  • generally larger
  • double blowhole with ridge
  • small dorsal fin or ridge
  • large pecs with more range of movement
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4
Q

dolphin differentiating characteristics

A
  • larger than porpoises
  • longer rostrum/beak
  • cone shaped teeth
  • longer dorsal and flippers
  • more vocal
  • more high energy
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5
Q

porpoise differentiating characteristics

A
  • small and Chunky
  • spade shaped teeth
  • short and pointed dorsal/flippers
  • less vocal
  • no/super short rostrum
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6
Q

sea lion differentiating characteristics

A
  • hind flippers can rotate inward for better movement on land
  • ears w/ flaps
  • short, hidden claws
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7
Q

seal differentiating characteristics

A
  • ear holes
  • longer, exposed claws
  • inchworm on land to move
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8
Q

dugong differentiating characteristics

A
  • has tail flukes
  • males have small tusks
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9
Q

manatee differentiating characteristics

A
  • has paddle
  • mandible
  • maneuverable flippers
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10
Q

4 mysticeti families

A

1) balenopteridae (rorquals)
2) balaenidae (right whales)
3) neobalaenidae
4) eschrichtiidae

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11
Q

balenopteridae (rorquals) family characteristics

A
  • lunge feeders
  • heavy pleats/grooves from chin to chest
  • large tongue
  • sleek body shape
  • faster swim speeds

ex: humpback whales

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12
Q

balaenidae (right whales) family characteristics

A
  • large mouth with curved jaw
  • no dorsal fin
  • rotund body
  • slow swim speeds
  • skim feeders
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13
Q

neobalenidae family characteristics

A
  • lean shape
  • curved jaw
  • smaller w/ curved dorsal
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14
Q

eschrichtiidae family characteristics

A
  • short, coarse baleen hairs
  • use tongue as suction
  • bottom feeders
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15
Q

7 odontoceti families

A

1) delphinidae
2) porpoises
3) belugas/narwhals
4) beaked whales
5) river dolphins (superfamily)
6) pigmy/dwarf sperm whales
7) sperm whales

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16
Q

3 methods to assess evolutionary history

A

1) morphological evidence
2) molecular evidence
3) developmental evidence

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17
Q

2 morphological adaptations for more efficient movement in water

A

1) drag reduction
2) effective propulsion

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18
Q

visual capacity in and out of water

A

fully aquatic species: better in than out of water

pinnipeds: not quite the same

sea otters/polar bears: better on land

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19
Q

tidal volume

A

high proportion (~80%) of gas exchanged when breathing

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20
Q

bradycardia

A

the slowing of heart rate during dives (as low as a few beats per minute) through vasoconstriction/vasodilation (shunt/store oxygenated blood)

21
Q

decompression sickness

A

rapid pressure reduction during ascent causes gas previously dissolved in blood/tissues to form bubbles in blood vessels

22
Q

how marine mammals avoid & get decompression sickness

A

avoid by:
- slow ascents
- shallow decompression dives

get from:
- naval sonar exercises
- whaling industry

23
Q

cetacean vs. sirenian kidneys

A

cetaceans:
large, reniculate kidneys to remove salt more efficiently

sirenians:
lack reniculate kidneys

24
Q

3 ways to thermoregulate

A

1) fur
2) blubber
3) vasocontriction/vasodilation

25
Q

surface area to volume ratio argument

A

the larger you are the less relative surface area you have to lose heat from

26
Q

surface area to volume ratio example

A

inshore/offshore bottlenose dolphins

inshore: smaller with larger fins/dorsal
offshore: larger with smaller fins/dorsal

27
Q

advantages of group living

A

1) protection
2) mates
3) cooperative foraging
4) cooperative care of young

28
Q

disadvantages of group living

A

1) share diseases/parasites
2) increased prey attraction
3) share food

29
Q

what marine mammals aggregate and why

A

pinnipeds: for hauling out, malting, or mating

odontocetes: living in groups is essential to facilitate cooperation when foraging

30
Q

mysticete vs odontocete sociality

A

odontocetes very social compared to mysticete that are relatively asocial

31
Q

aspects of brain size that are related to intelligence and cognition

A

1) brain mass
2) brain mass to body mass ratio
3) encephalization quotient

32
Q

gyrification index

A

amount of infolding in cerebral cortex

33
Q

gyrification comparison

A

odontocetes = very high
baleen whales = high
pinnipeds = moderate
sirenians = very low

34
Q

tool use

A

some marine mammals can!

ex: sponge feeding dolphins, sea otters w/ rocks

35
Q

Cardiorespiratory system

A

functions to get oxygen to body tissues and remove carbon dioxide from the body

36
Q

apnea

A

temporary cessation of breathing
(Key to diving)

37
Q

vasoconstriction/vasodilations role in diving

A

The shunting and storage of oxygenated blood

  • Pinnipeds and cetaceans can redirect blood to the central nervous system and heart during dives
38
Q

2 ways marine mammal get fresh water

A

1) finding/making it
2) getting it from food

39
Q

vasoconstriction/vasodilation

A
  • Shunt blood toward or away from body surface to regulate heat balance
  • Can conserve heat in relatively cold water or disperse heat to prevent overheating
40
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

the metabolic rate at rest and in a thermoneutral environment

41
Q

marine mammal basal metabolic rate

A

comparable to or higher than similar sized terrestrial mammals

42
Q

general cetacean characteristics

A
  • spend entirety of life in/under water
  • breath through blowhole
  • exhibit more lengthy breath holds
  • thick blubber
  • smooth skin, internal body structures, and rugged body structure
  • powerful muscular tail flukes
  • dorsal fin (most)
  • complex sound propagation systems
43
Q

masticates

A

baleen whales

44
Q

Odontoceti

A

toothed whales

45
Q

Odontoceti general characteristics

A
  • teeth
  • modified head anatomy to facilitate echolocation
  • one blowhole set to left of midline
  • consume fish/squid and some warm blooded prey or benthic species
46
Q

mysticete general characteristics

A
  • filter feeders (prey depends on size of baleen)
  • baleen plates instead of teeth
  • monophyletic (1 ancestor)
  • females tend to be larger
47
Q

polar bear characteristics

A
  • sustained swimming, poor diving
  • specialist predators (seals)
  • many marine adaptations but still highly terrestrial
48
Q

sea otter characteristics

A
  • many marine adaptations
  • spend most time in ocean
  • highly terrestrial body shape
49
Q

why did cetaceans transition to fully aquatic over pinnipeds?

A

cetaceans are heavily adapted to living in water full time unlike pinnipeds and filled the niche already

marine mammal (2 decks)

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