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marine mammal > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

marine mammal characteristics

A

1) lives in and/or is dependent on the marine environment
2) has anatomical and physiological adaptations for living in the Marine environment

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2
Q

all mammal characteristics

A

1) hair
2) mammary glands
3) there middle ear bones
4) neocortex region in brain

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3
Q

whale differentiating characteristics

A
  • generally larger
  • double blowhole with ridge
  • small dorsal fin or ridge
  • large pecs with more range of movement
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4
Q

dolphin differentiating characteristics

A
  • larger than porpoises
  • longer rostrum/beak
  • cone shaped teeth
  • longer dorsal and flippers
  • more vocal
  • more high energy
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5
Q

porpoise differentiating characteristics

A
  • small and Chunky
  • spade shaped teeth
  • short and pointed dorsal/flippers
  • less vocal
  • no/super short rostrum
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6
Q

sea lion differentiating characteristics

A
  • hind flippers can rotate inward for better movement on land
  • ears w/ flaps
  • short, hidden claws
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7
Q

seal differentiating characteristics

A
  • ear holes
  • longer, exposed claws
  • inchworm on land to move
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8
Q

dugong differentiating characteristics

A
  • has tail flukes
  • males have small tusks
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9
Q

manatee differentiating characteristics

A
  • has paddle
  • mandible
  • maneuverable flippers
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10
Q

4 mysticeti families

A

1) balenopteridae (rorquals)
2) balaenidae (right whales)
3) neobalaenidae
4) eschrichtiidae

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11
Q

balenopteridae (rorquals) family characteristics

A
  • lunge feeders
  • heavy pleats/grooves from chin to chest
  • large tongue
  • sleek body shape
  • faster swim speeds

ex: humpback whales

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12
Q

balaenidae (right whales) family characteristics

A
  • large mouth with curved jaw
  • no dorsal fin
  • rotund body
  • slow swim speeds
  • skim feeders
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13
Q

neobalenidae family characteristics

A
  • lean shape
  • curved jaw
  • smaller w/ curved dorsal
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14
Q

eschrichtiidae family characteristics

A
  • short, coarse baleen hairs
  • use tongue as suction
  • bottom feeders
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15
Q

7 odontoceti families

A

1) delphinidae
2) porpoises
3) belugas/narwhals
4) beaked whales
5) river dolphins (superfamily)
6) pigmy/dwarf sperm whales
7) sperm whales

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16
Q

3 methods to assess evolutionary history

A

1) morphological evidence
2) molecular evidence
3) developmental evidence

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17
Q

2 morphological adaptations for more efficient movement in water

A

1) drag reduction
2) effective propulsion

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18
Q

visual capacity in and out of water

A

fully aquatic species: better in than out of water

pinnipeds: not quite the same

sea otters/polar bears: better on land

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19
Q

tidal volume

A

high proportion (~80%) of gas exchanged when breathing

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20
Q

bradycardia

A

the slowing of heart rate during dives (as low as a few beats per minute) through vasoconstriction/vasodilation (shunt/store oxygenated blood)

21
Q

decompression sickness

A

rapid pressure reduction during ascent causes gas previously dissolved in blood/tissues to form bubbles in blood vessels

22
Q

how marine mammals avoid & get decompression sickness

A

avoid by:
- slow ascents
- shallow decompression dives

get from:
- naval sonar exercises
- whaling industry

23
Q

cetacean vs. sirenian kidneys

A

cetaceans:
large, reniculate kidneys to remove salt more efficiently

sirenians:
lack reniculate kidneys

24
Q

3 ways to thermoregulate

A

1) fur
2) blubber
3) vasocontriction/vasodilation

25
surface area to volume ratio argument
the larger you are the less relative surface area you have to lose heat from
26
surface area to volume ratio example
inshore/offshore bottlenose dolphins inshore: smaller with larger fins/dorsal offshore: larger with smaller fins/dorsal
27
advantages of group living
1) protection 2) mates 3) cooperative foraging 4) cooperative care of young
28
disadvantages of group living
1) share diseases/parasites 2) increased prey attraction 3) share food
29
what marine mammals aggregate and why
pinnipeds: for hauling out, malting, or mating odontocetes: living in groups is essential to facilitate cooperation when foraging
30
mysticete vs odontocete sociality
odontocetes very social compared to mysticete that are relatively asocial
31
aspects of brain size that are related to intelligence and cognition
1) brain mass 2) brain mass to body mass ratio 3) encephalization quotient
32
gyrification index
amount of infolding in cerebral cortex
33
gyrification comparison
odontocetes = very high baleen whales = high pinnipeds = moderate sirenians = very low
34
tool use
some marine mammals can! ex: sponge feeding dolphins, sea otters w/ rocks
35
Cardiorespiratory system
functions to get oxygen to body tissues and remove carbon dioxide from the body
36
apnea
temporary cessation of breathing (Key to diving)
37
vasoconstriction/vasodilations role in diving
The shunting and storage of oxygenated blood - Pinnipeds and cetaceans can redirect blood to the central nervous system and heart during dives
38
2 ways marine mammal get fresh water
1) finding/making it 2) getting it from food
39
vasoconstriction/vasodilation
- Shunt blood toward or away from body surface to regulate heat balance - Can conserve heat in relatively cold water or disperse heat to prevent overheating
40
Basal metabolic rate
the metabolic rate at rest and in a thermoneutral environment
41
marine mammal basal metabolic rate
comparable to or higher than similar sized terrestrial mammals
42
general cetacean characteristics
- spend entirety of life in/under water - breath through blowhole - exhibit more lengthy breath holds - thick blubber - smooth skin, internal body structures, and rugged body structure - powerful muscular tail flukes - dorsal fin (most) - complex sound propagation systems
43
masticates
baleen whales
44
Odontoceti
toothed whales
45
Odontoceti general characteristics
- teeth - modified head anatomy to facilitate echolocation - one blowhole set to left of midline - consume fish/squid and some warm blooded prey or benthic species
46
mysticete general characteristics
- filter feeders (prey depends on size of baleen) - baleen plates instead of teeth - monophyletic (1 ancestor) - females tend to be larger
47
polar bear characteristics
- sustained swimming, poor diving - specialist predators (seals) - many marine adaptations but still highly terrestrial
48
sea otter characteristics
- many marine adaptations - spend most time in ocean - highly terrestrial body shape
49
why did cetaceans transition to fully aquatic over pinnipeds?
cetaceans are heavily adapted to living in water full time unlike pinnipeds and filled the niche already

marine mammal (2 decks)

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