Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the 3 universal psychological needs according to the basic psychological needs theory?
Relatedness: meaningful relationships, sense of belonging
Competence: feeling capable, mastery, effective in actions
Autonomy: in control of behavior, choices, ownership
What are the aspects of Iso-Ahola’s Model of Leisure Behavior?
escaping personal environments
escaping interpersonal environments
seeking personal rewards
seeking interpersonal rewards
What is perceived freedom?
perceiving one’s actions as voluntary
What are the two types of control?
Primary: directly influencing one’s world
Secondary: maintaining control by accepting or adjusting to situation
Langer and Rodin’s control study?
old people, one group responsible for taking care of self and room, other group nurses did
30% of residents in second group died 18 months later compared to 15% in 1st group
What is learned helplessness?
learning that your action do not impact the world around you
what is the psychological reactance theory
threat to perceived freedom –> aversive state –> psychological reactance: motivation to restore freedom
What is intrinsic motivation
people like the activity, feels good
What are the 3 types of intrinsic motivation identified by Vallerand and Losier?
IM towards knowledge, towards accomplishment, towards experiencing stimulation
What are the categories in the Organismic Integration Theory?
Intrinsic: activity itself
Integrated: part of identity
Identified: activity is important
Introjected: internal pressures
External: external to activity
Amotivation: lack of motivation
What is an example of how to measure extrinsic motivation?
BREQ questionnaire
What did they find in the articles that tested the relationship between different types of motivation and exercise behavior?
more self-determined forms of motivation predicted greater exercise behavior
What is a good strategy for changing motivation
Autonomy support
What is autonomy support
creating an environment that allows individuals to feel that they have control over their behavior and experiences
What is the over-justification effect
When rewarding an activity that the individual already enjoyed, they attribute origin of behavior to external source, rather than internal
What are some consequences of external rewards
behavior becomes contingent on reward
reward becomes goal, not the behavior itself
locus of causality shifts from internal to external
evidence for over-justification effect
What is personality
enduring patterns of thought, feelings, and behavior that are expressed in different circumstances
Consistent behavior across time and situations
What are the two aspects of personality
structure: what makes it up
individual differences: how do people differ
What are 3 important terms related to personality
Needs: achievement, play, affiliation
Temperament: general style of behavior, energy, alertness, emotions
Traits
What are traits?
emotional, motivation, cognitive, and behavioral tendencies that represent underlying dimensions of personality
How many? How measure? Where from?
How many personality traits are there?
tons
What are the three categories of traits?
Broad/universal traits: components
Specific traits: types of human behavior
Leisure-specific traits: leisure contexts
What is the lexical approach to discovering universal personality traits?
clump similar adjectives together and some clumps might be highly correlated with each other. Can clump together using statistical procedures (factor analysis)
What are the big 5 personality traits?
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
OCEAN
What is neuroticism?
Anxiety, angry hostility, depression, impulsiveness, vulnerability to stress
Emotionally stable vs. neurotic
What is extraversion?
Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, excitement-seeking, positive emotions
Introverted vs. extroverted
What is openness?
Fantasy, feelings, ideas, values, actions, aesthetics
Conventional vs. openness
What is aggreeableness?
Trust, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty, tendermindedness
Hostile vs. agreeable
What is conscientiousness?
Competence, order, dutifulness, achievement-striving, self-discipline, deliberation
Disorganized vs. conscientious
How do we measure personality traits?
Self-report questionnaires
Continuums are better than categories
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator- 16 types
- poor reliability and validity, test-retest problems
Where do traits come from?
Nature and nurture
what is self as entertainment and what are the 3 components?
the capacity / ability of people to fill their free time with activities that are satisfying
3 components:
Self: believe they can structure free time
Mind play: using imagination
Environment: going places, seeking out others
What are the social psychological processes present in leisure?
imitation/modeling
conformity
persuasion
social comparison
When are you more likely to model the behavior of another?
if they are:
competent, physically attractive, similar to target
What is imitation?
people imitate the behavior of others
siblings, parent, teacher, uncle, aunty, friends
What is conformity?
a change in behavior as a result of the real of imagined influence of other people
When can conformity be good?
in ambiguous situations
crisis situations
experts are present
What is persuasion?
deliberate attempts to affect someone’s behavior
What is the elaboration likelihood model?
2 routes of persuasion
central: arguments
Peripheral: things not directly related to the message itself
When is a central route of persuasion more useful?
person is interested, motivated, able or an expert
When is the peripheral route of persuasion more useful
person is disinterested, amotivated, not experts
What is the self-evaluation maintenance model
People are motivated to have positive views of themselves
Relevant domains: success of others is threatening and can reduce self esteem
Irrelevant domains: not threatening, can enhance esteem
