Exam 1 Flashcards
What are some features of non-evidence based approaches
laws, rules, decisions made based on common sense
quick process
What are some features of evidence-based approaches
evidence collected
alternative explanations addressed
theories developed
slow process
What is social psychology?
the scientific study of the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people/factors in the social world
what is psychological social psychology
focus on peoples thoughts, feelings, behavior
what is sociological social psychology
focus on group processes, political influences
what are the three different types of social psychology approaches?
focus on the situation
focus on the person
focus on the situation and the person
what is an example of a focus on the situation approach
Stimulus-response approach (S-R), behaviorism
what is an example of a focus on the person approach
organism-response approach (O-R)
focus on personality traits, individual differences explaining behavior
What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
discounting situational factors on person factors
What is an example of a focus on the situation and the person approach
stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R)
Interactionalism
What are the two models of interactionism?
Additive model - behavior dependent on person, situation, and the interaction between the two
Reciprocal model - person factors affect the situation that people are in
Who was Norman Triplett?
- 1st social psychology study
- 1st sport psychology study
Who was Max Ringelmann?
French agricultural engineer
Found evidence for social loafing with rope study
What are two examples of ethically questionable research studies?
Milgram experiment
Stanford prison experiment
What is the replication crisis?
Studies that have been published are later found to be impossible to replicate
What is positive psychology?
emphasis on the positive side of life
What are hypothetical constructs?
variables that are presumed to exist but are not directly measurable
What is an operational defintion?
a definition of a hypothetical construct based on how it can be measured
What is the objective approach to defining leisure?
what people do
What is the subjective approach to defining leisure?
how people think and feel
What is an external vantage point?
what constitutes leisure is determined by the researcher
What is an internal vantage point?
what constitutes leisure is determined by the individual
What is the experimental method to studying leisure
researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions
measures the construct of interest
Randomization of large sample size
Evidence of causation
What are the pros and cons of field experiments?
less experimental control but more external applicability
What are some non-experimental study methods?
Surveys: most common
Time-use Diaries: report activities throughout day or week
Experience Sampling Method: answer questions at random or pre-determined times throughout the day
Naturalistic Observation: observing in natural habitat
Interviews:
What are the properties of leisure experiences
Emotions, moods, affect, valence
arousal, activation
cognitions
time duration
concentration, focus
self consciousness, self awareness
sense of mastery
sense of freedom, autonomy
sense of relatedness
What is the circumplex model of affect
two dimensional scale that all emotions vary on
Valence (un/pleasant) and Arousal (de/activated)
What are the five emotions?
Interest
Excitement
Relaxation
Happiness
Boredom
What is Silvia’s Appraisal Theory
two appraisals are important in determining if an activity will be interesting to people:
Novelty-Complexity: activity evaluated as new, unexpected, complex, etc.
Comprehensibility: people believe they have the skills/resources to understand it
Two happiness-related theories/frameworks
Broaden and build theory of positive emotions
peak end rule
What is the broaden and build theory of positive emotions
negative emotions narrow one’s focus and attention
positive emotions broaden attention and thoughts and can lead to an upward spiral
What is the peak end rule
our memories of events are biased toward the peak and end of the experience
What is duration neglect
we do not consider the duration of an experience when evaluating them
What is a psychologically deep experience (PDE)
experiences that are special, out of the ordinary or meaningful
FLOW is most common
What is flow?
the process of total involvement
Conditions: clear goals, balance between skills and challenge, immediate and specific feedback
Characteristics: sense of control, concentration, automaticity, loss of consciousness of the self, transformation of time, intrinsically motivating
What is engagement?
high levels of involvement in narratives
Conditions: unfolding narratives, different forms of stories
Characteristics: focused attention, feeling transported, deep understanding of characters, heightened emotions, effortless, time distortion, sense of self altered
What is Absorption?
Occur during relaxed experiences
Conditions: NO narrative of performance goals
Characteristics: effortless, time distortion, sense of altered self
What are the 4 frameworks of intensity of participation?
Serious leisure
Specialization
Involvement
Passion
What are the important characteristics of serious leisure?
Commitment
identification
unique ethos
sense of enduring benefits
What are the 2 four stage models of specialization?
MacFarlane: awareness, adoption, continued involvement, commitment
Unruh: strangers, tourists, regulars, insiders
Becoming a pro, becoming more particular about how they engage in activity
What are the facets of involvement?
Attraction
Centrality
Social Bonding
Identity affirming
Identity expression
What are the 7 elements of passion?
Toward an object, activity, concept or person
Love
Value/meaningful
Motivational
Integrated into identity
Time and energy/ high engagement
Duality
What are the two types of passion?
Harmonious - autonomous internalization, control, flexible, adaptive outcomes
Obsessive - controlled internalization, pressure, rigid persistence, maladaptive outcomes
What is savoring?
efforts aimed at maintaining, enhancing, or prolonging positive experiences
How people cope with good things
What is dampening?
attempts to down-regulate or stifle positive feelings
