Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
ANA standards of practice – identify teaching as one of the PRIMARY roles of a professional nurse.
A
-Primarily teach clients and their families
professional colleagues & other health care personnel
-academic institutions
2
Q
Teaching-learning process involves???
A
Dynamic interaction between teacher and learner.
3
Q
Characteristics of Effective Teaching
A
- Knowledge of subject matter
- Understanding of learning process
- Judgment
- Intuition
4
Q
Learning Theories
A
1 Adult Learning Theory
2 Behaviorist Theory
-Positive reinforcement
3 Cognitive Theory
- Domains of learning
4 Social Learning Theory
5 Observational learning
6 Humanistic Learning Theory
5
Q
Adult Learning Theory
A
- Need to know
- Learner’s self-concept
- Role of the learner’s experiences
- Readiness to learn
- Orientation to learning
- Motivation
6
Q
Behaviorist Theory:
A
learning takes place when an individual’s reaction to a stimulus is either positively or negatively reinforced.
7
Q
Cognitive Theory:
A
recognizes the developmental level of learners and acknowledges the learner’s motivation and environment.
8
Q
Piaget’s 5 major phases of cognitive development:
A
- Sensorimotor phase
- Preconceptual phase
- Intuitive phase
- Concrete operations phase
- Formal operations phase
9
Q
Bloom’s 3 Domains of learning:
A
Cognitive domain
Affective domain
Psychomotor domain
10
Q
Cognitive domain:
A
Thinking domain includes 6 intellectual abilities & thinking processes.
(Knowing, comprehending, applying to analysis, synthesis & evaluation.)
11
Q
Affective domain:
A
“Feeling” domain is divided into categories that specify the degree of a persons depth of emotional response to tasks.
Includes: feelings, emotions, interests, attitudes & appreciations.
12
Q
Psychomotor domain:
A
“Skill” domain.
Includes: motor skills.
13
Q
Factors Affecting Learning:
Facilitation:
A
- Motivation
- Readiness
- Active Involvement
- Relevance
- Feedback
- Nonjudgmental Support
- Simple to Complex
- Repetition
14
Q
Factors Affecting Learning:
Inhibit:
A
- Emotions
- Physiologic Events
- Cultural Aspects
- Psychomotor Ability
15
Q
Social Learning theory:
A
Environment exerts a great deal of control over overt behavior.
16
Q
Humanistic learning theory:
A
Focuses on both cognitive and affective qualities of the learner.
17
Q
Spirituality
A
Seeking meaningfulness through intrapersonal, interpersonal and transpersonal connections (higher power, etc….)
18
Q
Aspects of Spirituality include:
A
Meaning, Value, Transcendence, Connecting, Becoming
Religion, Faith, Hope, Transcendence, Forgiveness
19
Q
Spirituality is Influenced by:
A
Life experiences, coping skills, social supports and individual belief systems
20
Q
Spiritual Needs
A
- For meaning and purpose
- To express creativity
- For hope
- To prepare for and accept death
- To forgive others
- To cope with loss of loved ones
- To worship
- To be respected and valued
- To be certain there is a God or Ultimate Power
21
Q
Indicators of good spiritual health:
A
Uncompromised….faith, hope, peacefulness, etc…
22
Q
Spiritual Distress
Become challenged in your belief system:
A
Physiological problems
Treatment-related concerns
Situational concerns
23
Q
Spirituality development in children
A
Parallels cognitive and psychosocial development. Conformity to independent beliefs
24
Q
Spirituality development in older adults
A
Spiritual well-being directly correlated with mental health.
25
Describe the influence of spiritual beliefs and/or religious practices upon an individual’s lifestyle and healthcare choices
```
Beliefs Affecting Diet & Nutrition
Beliefs Related to Healing
Beliefs Related to Dress
Beliefs Related to Birth
Beliefs Related to Death
```
26
HOPE Questions (spirituality)
H: Sources of hope, meaning, comfort, strength, peace, love, connection
O: Organized religion
P: Personal spirituality and practices
E: Effects on medical care and end-of-life issues
27
Describe common assessments and nursing interventions to address the spiritual needs of clients
-JCAHO mandates assessment of spiritual beliefs and practices.
-Clinical Assessment
Environment, Behavior, Verbalization, Affect & attitude, Interpersonal relationships
-HOPE questions
28
Definition of Culture
Congruent language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, art, others?
- Learned behavior
- Enculturation
- Assimilation
- Acculturation
29
Describe the influence of culture upon an individual’s lifestyle and healthcare choices
- Communication
- Environmental Control
- Hygiene
- Space
- Time
- Social Organization
30
Describe common assessments and nursing interventions to address the cultural needs of clients
```
-Physical Assessment
Values and beliefs
Biological Variations
Susceptibility
Growth & development
Lab values
Nutrition
Skeletal Frame
Skin Color
-Culturally Competent Interview
```
31
Define the concept of morality as it relates to nursing and health care
- Ethics = Morality
- Right and wrong in conduct, character and attitude
- Moral v. Legal
- Thorough understanding of own morality and what constitutes right and wrong for themselves.
32
Moral Principles
- Autonomy - own decisions
- Nonmaleficence - do no harm
- Beneficence - doing good
- Justice - fairness
- Fidelity - faithful
- Veracity - truth
33
Describe theories, frameworks and principles of moral development
- Consequence-based
- Principles-based
- Relationship-based
34
Consequence-based
- Outcomes of an action is used to judge if right or wrong
| - Issues of fairness
35
Principles-based
-Determination according to an impartial, objective principle
-Follows rules (vary)
Example - rule: do not lie, but someone may find it better to lie than tell truth.
36
Relationship-based
- Judge actions based on caring & responsibility
| - Individual rights but promote common good
37
Concept of Family
- Development
- Childrearing
- Health promotion
- Response to alterations in health status
38
Malpractice
Negligence with harm
39
Agnostic
doubts existence of God - has not been proven that there is a God
40
Atheist
person who does not believe in God
41
Transcendence
the capacity to reach out beyond oneself to broader life perspectives.
42
Children's spirituality development (list of 4)
- sense of wholeness
- being attached to others, being part of a greater world
- sense of meaning
- express hope, face fear
43
Spiritual Clinical Assessment
- Environment - do they have a Bible, Torah, etc.
- Behavior - do the pray, read religious books
- Verbalization - do the mention God
- Affect & Attitude - do they appear lonely etc
- Interpersonal relationship - who visits
44
What does JCAHO mandate about spirituality?
Each client admitted must be assessed for spiritual beliefs and practices.
45
Two questions you can ask during spiritual assessment
- What spiritual beliefs are important to you?
| - How would you like your health team to support you spiritually?
46
Morality
Private, personal standards of what is right & wrong in conduct, character & attitude.
47
Ethics
method of inquiry that helps people to understand the morality of human behavior
48
Who holds nurses accountable for their ethical conduct...
ANA in the Scope and Standards of Practice.
49
What does the Law reflect
Moral values of a society - they offer guidance in determining what is moral.
50
Moral development
the process of learning right from wrong.
51
Different types of prayer
- Ritual
- Petitionary - "God cure me"
- Colloquial - conversational
- Meditational
52
NANDA 3 new nursing diagnosis that reflect client religious issues.
- Impaired religiosity - impaired ability to exercise religious beliefs
- Risk for Impaired religiosity - medical condition at odds with faith.
- Readiness for enhanced religiosity - ability to increase reliance on religious beliefs.
53
Spiritual distress as an etiology
- fear related to the soul's future after death
- chronic/situational low self-esteem
- disturbed sleep pattern r/t spiritual dis.
- ineffective coping r/t feeling of abandonment by God
- conflict between treatment plan & religious beliefs.
54
Presencing
- giving of self in the present moment
- being available w/ all of self
- listening, w/ full awareness
- Being there in a meaningful way
55
LEARN model (culture)
- Listen to the clients perception of problem
- Explain your perception of problem
- Acknowledge & discuss differences & similarities of the two perceptions
- Review the ordered treatments
- Negotiate agreement.
56
Law definition
rules and regulations by which a society is governed.
57
Criminal Law
Conduct that is harmful to another individual or to society as a whole.
58
Crime
An act prohibited by statute or common law.
59
Civil Law
Rights and duties of private persons or citizens & is most often enforced through awarding of damages or compensation.
60
Tort
- A civil wrong committed against a person or a person's property.
- May be intentional OR unintentional.
- May be an omission.
61
Unintentional Torts
- Negligence
| - Malpractice
62
Negligence
conduct that deviates from what a reasonable person would perform in a particular circumstance. (reasonable professional nurse standard)
63
Professional Negligence
Held to the standards of licensure/professional conduct of the group they are associated with.
64
Malpractice
conduct deviating from the standard of practice dictated by the profession.
-Includes acts of Omission.
65
Five elements of professional negligence
1- must be a duty - legally enforceable obligation
2- Breach of duty must occur - either by commission or omission.
3- element of forseeability - events causing specific results
4- Causation - injury must have resulted as a direct result of nurse's breach of duty.
5- Injury or harm (physical, financial, emotional)
66
Basic purpose of a malpractice lawsuit is:
To award damages sufficient to restore plaintiff to original position.
67
Related doctrines/principles
- Respondeat superior - lawsuit for a negligent act or omission will also name the nurse's employer.
- Res ipso loquitur - harm that speaks for itself.
68
Statute of limitations
Varies by suit and state - typically plaintiffs have 1-2 years from time they knew of injury
69
Assault
action of creating an apprehension of offensive, insulting, or physically injurious touching. Can occur w/out actually touching the client (ie. threatening).
70
Battery
Defined as willful touching of another person that is unwanted.
71
False imprisonment
the unjustifiable detention of a person w/out legal warrant to confine the person
72
Invasion of privacy
4th amendment of us constitution - right to privacy.
73
Standards of care
ANA Standards of Practice - standards appropriate to nurse's practice. The skills common to the profession.
74
Informed consent
client's legal and ethical rights to be informed and give permission for any health care procedure or treatment.
75
Expressed consent
oral or written agreement
76
Implied consent
based on client's actions
77
emancipated minor
| -legal rights
no longer under parental control
| -manages his/her own affairs
78
Mature minor
- may give valid consent.
| - they have the ability to understand treatment risks (14-15 yrs)
79
Controlled substance act
federal law that requires drugs to be classified based on medical use, potential abuse and safety risks.
80
Good Samaritan Law
help victims in an emergency. protect health care worker from potential liability when volunteering skills outside of employment.
81
Licensure
allows a nurse the legal privilege to practice nursing as defined in each state's NPA.
Board of nursing ensures minimum standards of competency.
82
NPA
Nurse practice act
| -state statutes that define scope of practice, standards of education, licensure requirements, and disciplinary actions.
83
nolo contendere
neither admitting or denying that he/she committed a crime but agrees to a punishment.
84
Mutual recognition model
allows nurse to have a single license that confers the privilege to practice in other states. Nurse is held accountable for following the laws and rules of the state in which the nurse practices.
85
credentialing
formal identification of professionals who meet predetermined standards of professional skill.
86
certification
defines the credentialing process.
87
advance directive
legal document that expresses individual's desires regarding medical treatment.
88
Privacy
right of individuals to keep their personal information from being disclosed.
89
Confidentiality
the assurance the client has that private information will not be disclosed without clients consent.
90
Mandatory reporting
legal requirement to report an act, event or situation that is designated by state/local law as a reportable event.
