EXAM 2 Flashcards
Small group research
study of group formation, maintenance and identity; effective leadership and in-group vs out-group attitudes
Intergroup Conflict
perceived incompatibility of goals or values between two groups
attribution
how we explain another persons behavior
Situational Attribution
explaining behavior as a consequence of the current context and circumstance
Dispositional Attribution
Explaining behavior as a consequence of the persons stable enduring traits
Self vs Other
Attributions are different when we judge our own behaviors versus the behavior of someone else.
Self serving Bias
we attribute our successes to dispositional variables and our failures to situational variables
Actor-Observer Bias:
we use situational variables to explain our own behavior while continuing to use dispositional variables to explain the behavior of others
Culture
affects attributions
Cognitive dissonance
Uncomfortable state that occurs when behavior and attitudes do not match
Peripheral route
uses attention-getting cues to trigger emotion based judgements
Central Route
offers evidence and arguments that trigger careful thinking
Conformity
Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard or social norm
Normative social influence
influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
Informational social influence
influence resulting from a persons willingness to accept others opinions about reality
Conformity vs Obedience
adjusting our behavior to coincide with a social norm, adjusting our behavior to comply with a demand
Social Facilitation
in the presence o others, improved performance on simple or well learned tasks
social loafing
the tendency for people to exert less effort when working with a group toward a common goal
Deindivuation
the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
internet anonymity
enables people to freely express their anger, sometimes with bullying and hate speech
just-world bias
good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
Ingroup bias
tendency to favor our own group
Scapegoat theory
theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
Biopsychosocial model
model of health that integrates the effects of biological, psychological and social factors to understand health and illness
assimilation
interpreting new experiences in the context of our existing schemas
Accommodation
adapting current schemas to account for new information
Sensorimotor stage
b-2 years, infants mostly understand the world in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
Preoperational stage
2-7 years, child understands symboli representations but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
Concrete operation stage
7-11 years old, child can use mental operations to think logically about concrete events
Formal operational stage
12 years and older, people develop the ability to think logically about abstract concepts
Theory of mind
understanding of others mental states
adolescence
transition period form childhood to adulthood
Pre-conventional Morality
before age 9, obedience to rules for fear of conequence
Conventional Morality
conform to group norms in interest of social approval
Postconventional Morality
actions reflect belief in basic rights
Moral Institutions
automatic, emotional reactions
Moral Reasoning
Logical Approach to judgements
Identity
a solid sense of self developed by testing and integrating various roles
Proximity
Geographical nearness
Mere Exposure effect
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking of them
Similarity
friends and couples are more likely to share attitudes, beliefs, interests, age, religion, race, education and intelligence
Erik Erikson
Developmental psychologist and Psychoanalyst
teens to 20’s Conflict: identify vs role confusion
I: refine a sense of self, RC: become confused about who they are
20’s-40’s Conflict: Intimacy vs Isolation
Intimacy: Form close relationships
Isolation: Feel alone
40’s-60’s Conflict: Generatively vs Stagnation
G: discover a sense of contributing to the world
S: may feel a lack of purpose
60’s up Conflict: Integrity vs Despair
I: reflecting on their lives
D: may feel a sense of failure
Authoritarian
Coercive, Impose strict rules, expects blind obedience
Permissive
Unrestraining, making few demands, use little punishment
Neglectful
uninvolved, neither demanding, careless, inattentive
Authoritative
confrontative, demanding and responsive, set rules but encourage open discussion.
