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Psychology 1010 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Brain component of Psychology

A

Biological and Chemical processes

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2
Q

Mind component of Psychology

A

Subjective experiences and how we interpret information from the environment

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3
Q

Behavior component of Psychology

A

Our actions and decisions, measurable and observable

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4
Q

Implications

A

Refer to the broader meaning, consequences and applications that can be drawn from study results

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5
Q

Operationalization

A

Defining variables in ways that allow them to be measured

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6
Q

Internal validity

A

examines whether the study design, conduct and analysis answer the research question without bias from other variables

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7
Q

External validity

A

examines whether the study findings can be generalized to other contexts

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8
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

An in depth study of a phenomenon in its natural setting

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9
Q

Correlational Methods

A

research methods that measure the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables

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10
Q

Experimental methods

A

research methods that test hypothesis and allow researchers to draw conclusions about causality

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11
Q

Between subject-design

A

Randomly assign participants to two or more groups. Expose each group to a different condition of an independent variable. Compare

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12
Q

Within subject design

A

Only one group of participants, expose each participants to both conditions , compare

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13
Q

IRB Ethical Principles, Respect for persons

A

autonomy of individuals should be respected and informed consent must be sought; persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to equal protection

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14
Q

IRB ethical principles, Beneficence

A

a responsibility to do no harm, to maximize possible benefits, and to minimize the possibility of harm

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15
Q

IRB Ethical Principles

A

an expectation of fairness in the distribution of benefits realized from research, as well as its burdens

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16
Q

steps of scientific method

A

Observation, Literature review, Hypothesis, Design a study, collect data, analyze data, draw conclusions, report findings, peer review and theory development

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17
Q

Sensation

A

The process of detecting stimuli from the environment

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18
Q

Transduction

A

process of translating sensory information into neural activity, effects of a physical signal like light or sound on the firing of neurons in the brain

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19
Q

Perception

A

the process of interpreting sensory information

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20
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

reduced neural response to an unchanging stimulus

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21
Q

Selective attention

A

ability to focus on a subset of the available information and ignore the rest

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22
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

perception based on building simple input into more complex perceptions

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23
Q

Top-down processing

A

a perceptual process in which memory and other cognitive processes are required for interpreting sensory information

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24
Q

Psychophysics

A

the study of the relationship between the physical qualities of stimuli and the subjective responses they produce

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25
Q

absolute threshold

A

the smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected

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26
Q

Difference threshold

A

the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli

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27
Q

Signal detection theory (SDT)

A

a method for determining an individuals threshold for making different types of decisions

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28
Q

SDT Hit

A

detecting a stimulus when a stimulus is present

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29
Q

SDT Miss

A

not detecting stimulus when stimulus is present

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30
Q

SDT false alarm

A

believing a stimulus exists when a stimulus is absent

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31
Q

SDT correct rejection

A

Believing there is no stimulus when stimulus is absent

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32
Q

Cornea

A

the clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the process of directing light to the retina

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33
Q

Iris

A

the brightly colored circular muscle surrounding the pupil

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34
Q

Pupil

A

an opening formed by the iris where light enters the eye

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35
Q

Lens

A

The clear structure behind the poupil that bends light towards the retina

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36
Q

Retina

A

layers of visual processing cells in the back of the eye

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37
Q

Fovea

A

an area of the retina that is specialized for highly detailed vision

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38
Q

Optic nerve

A

where information leaves the eye and connects to the brain

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39
Q

Photoreceptors

A

specialized neurons that react to light

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40
Q

Rods and Cones

A

(R) detect light and dark (C) detect color

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41
Q

Retinal Neurons

A

pass information from the photoreceptors to the optic nerve which leads to the brain

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42
Q

Horizontal cells

A

integrate and modulate output of rods and cones

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43
Q

Bipolar cells

A

receive input from horizontal cells and photoreceptors, causing excitation and inhibition

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44
Q

Amacrine cells

A

decode signal from bipolar cells

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45
Q

Ganglion cells

A

relay retinal input to the visual processing centers in the brain via the optic nerve

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46
Q

Neurotransmission

A

the transfer of information between neurons

47
Q

Synapse

A

the point of communication between two neurons

48
Q

Glutamate

A

the primary neurotransmitter involved in communication between neurons in the retina

49
Q

Resting potential

A

neurons naturally carry a charge of about -70 millivolts

50
Q

Graded potential

A

change in membrane potential caused by a neurotransmitter binding to a ligand-gated channel

51
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

reduced

52
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

increased

53
Q

Action Potential

A

sudden massive rise and subsequent fall of membrane potential

54
Q

spike rate

A

number of action potentials per unit of time

55
Q

Optic tracts

A

carry information beyond the optic chiasm to the thalamus

56
Q

Nervous system

A

command center of the body; responsible for controlling your movements, body processes, thoughts, and automatic responses to the world around you

57
Q

Central Nervous system

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord; central source of any message that needs to be sent to anywhere else in your body

58
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

consists of the nerves that branch out all over your body; relays information to your organs, arms, legs, fingers, and toes

59
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

relays information from the sensory organs to and from the CNS and guides your voluntary movements

60
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

controls the activities that your body does without thinking about them

61
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Prepares the body for situations that require the expenditure of energy

62
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous system

A

prepares the body for rest repair and energy storage

63
Q

Enteric Nervous system

A

relays messages related to the gastrointestinal system

64
Q

Emotion

A

a combination of arousal or physical sensations and subjective feelings that occur spontaneously in response to environmental stimuli

65
Q

Arousal

A

ones physiological level of alertness and intensity

66
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

a description of the relationships among task complexity

67
Q

Circumflex model of emotion

A

emotions are distributed in a space with dimensions of arousal

68
Q

Structuralism

A

belief that the mind could be broken down into smaller components

69
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

belief that experience is not just the sum of our perceptions but rather is influenced by the organization and grouping of elements into meaningful patterns.

70
Q

Functionalism

A

Belief that mental processes exist because they serve specific functions in helping individuals survive

71
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

proposes that physical sensations lead to subjective feelings

72
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

Proposes that physical sensations and the subjective feelings of an emotion occur simultaneously and independently

73
Q

Limbic System

A

part of the brain that interprets stimuli and regulates physical sensations

74
Q

Nature Perspective

A

we are born with emotions, and we evolved to experience specific emotions in response to different stimuli

75
Q

universal emotions

A

humans are born 6 basic emotions

76
Q

Nurture Perspective

A

emotional experiences and expressions are learned and are defines by culture and socialization

77
Q

hypothalamus

A

involved in regulating and coordinating the body’s physiological responses

78
Q

Amygdala

A

processes the emotional significance of stimuli

79
Q

Thalamus

A

Receives input from sensory systems and projects information to the appropriate region of the cerebral cortex

80
Q

Hippocampus

A

Primary function is the formation of memories for facts and events

81
Q

Fast Pathway

A

Sensory Information goes to the thalamus and directly to the amygdala

82
Q

Slow pathway

A

Sensory information goes to the thalamus, cortex and then amygdala

83
Q

Appraisals

A

Detection and assessment of stimuli with relevance for one’s personal well-being

84
Q

Cognitive reappraisal

A

reinterpreting the meaning and significance of the situation in a more positive or adaptive way

85
Q

CBT

A

a form of psychological treatment that has. been demonstrative to be effective for a range of problems

86
Q

Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

A

Basic needs (food, water, warmth, rest) Psychological needs(intimate relationships, friends) , Self-fulfillment needs (self actualization, creative activities)

87
Q

Learning

A

a relatively permanent change in ehavior due to experience

88
Q

Associative learning

A

the formation of associations or connections among stimuli and behavior

89
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

a type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time

90
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

a type of learning in which associations are formed between voluntary behaviors and their outcomes

91
Q

Contingency

A

stimuli repeatedly occur together

92
Q

Contiguity

A

stimuli must occur close together in time

93
Q

Generalization

A

a conditioned response to one object is exhibited in the presence of similar stimuli

94
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

the selective organizing of connections between neurons in our brain, based on our experiences

95
Q

Counterconditioning

A

substituting one conditioned response with another

96
Q

Aversion Therapy

A

conditioning an organism to be repelled by an addictive substance; add bad-tasting agent to cigarettes or alcohol to condition the user to no longer enjoy them

97
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

associations between the phobic stimulus and fear are replaced with a positive emotion; Mary Cover Jones paired feared object (rabbit) with beloved snack (cookies) so that Little Peter would no longer fear rabbits

98
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

support our natural need for survival; food, water, safety

99
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

gain value and ability to influence behavior from being associated with other things that are valued

100
Q

Ventral tegmental area

A

structure that initiates dopamine release to a behavior

101
Q

Nucelus accumbens

A

integrates dopamine signaling from the VTA with prediction error

102
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

assesses value of rewards and exert control over behaviors

103
Q

Phoneme

A

the smallest component in speech sound

104
Q

morpheme

A

the smallest component of speech that carries meaning

105
Q

synaptic pruning

A

as the brain matures some synaptic connections are strengthened and maintained

106
Q

Heuristics

A

shortcuts to problem solving

107
Q

Recognition Heuristic

A

Higher value is placed on the more easily recognized alternative

108
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

Frequency of an event’s occurence is predicted by the ease with which the event is brought to mind

109
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

stimuli that are more similar to a prototype are believed to be more likely

110
Q

Affect Heuristic

A

Choosing between alternatives based on emotional or gut reactions to stimuli

111
Q

Robert sternbergs Triarchic theory of intelligence

A

Divides intelligence into domains of analytical creative and practical

112
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

the ability to think logically without learned knowledge

113
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

the ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge

Psychology 1010 (3 decks)

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