Exam 2 Flashcards
_____ is another name for short-term memory.
Working memory
The storage capacity of long-term memory is _____
Essentially limitless
What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, to recall, and report?
Explicit memories
Within the semantic network model of memory, what would happen to concepts that are related to one that is currently being activated by thinking about it?
They would also be activated, though at a lower level
A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of _____ bias.
Stereotypical
Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of _____, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.
Relearning
The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as _______.
Retrieval
Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has _______ amnesia.
Retrograde
What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?
Memory
The famous case of H.M. Demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones.
Anterograde
What is episodic memory?
Storage of facts and events we have personally experienced
What kind of memory involves stages of bride events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?
Sensory
______ refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy required to be detected 50% of the time.
Absolute threshold
Decreased sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as _____
Sensory adaptation
_____ involves the conversion of sensory stimulus energy into neural impulses.
Transduction
_______ occurs when sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.
Perception
Which of the following correctly matches the pattern in our perception of color as we move fro short wavelengths to long wavelengths?
Yellow to Orange to Red
The visible spectrum includes lights that ranges from about ______
400-700 nm
The audible range for humans is______
20-20,000 dB
The _____ is a small indentation of the retina that contains cones.
Fovea
_____ operate best under bright light conditions.
Cones
The three ossicles of the middle ear are known as___.
Malleus, incus, stapes, hammer, anvil, and stirrup
(M.I.S.H.A.S)
Hearing aids might be effective for treating_____.
Conductive hearing loss
Chemical messages often sent between two members of a species to communicate something about reproductive statues are called______.
Phermones
What taste is associated with mono sodium glutamate (MSG)?
Unami
______ serves as sensory receptors for temperature and pain stimuli.
Free nerve endings
_______ is involved in maintaining balance and body posture?
Vestibular system
According to the law of ______, we are most likely to perceive smoothly flowing lines rather than choppy or jagged lines.
Good continuation
The main point of focus in a visual display is known as the______.
Figure
Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being?
Infant sucking on a nipple
Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that______.
Occurs as a result of experience
In______ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
Classical conditioning
A stimulus that does not initially elicit a response in an organism is a(n)________.
Neutral stimulus
In Watson and Rayner’s experiments, Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, and then he began to be afraid of other furry white objects. This demonstrates________.
Stimulus generalization
Extinction occurs_______.
The conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditional stimulus.
Which of the following is not an example of a primary reinforcer?
Money
Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?
Variable ratio
______ is when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior.
Negative punishment
In Bandura’s Bobo doll study, when the children who watched the aggressive model were placed in a room with the doll and other toys, they______.
Kicked and threw the doll
Who proposed observational learning?
Albert Bandura
Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of_______.
Human thinking
Which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team?
The star player
Which of the following is an example of an artificial concept?
A triangle’s area
An event schema is also known as a cognitive_____.
Script
_______ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences.
Syntax
_______ are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning.
Morphemes
______ is (are) the basic sound units of a spoken language.
Phonemes
A mental shortcut in the form of a general problem-solving framework is called______.
A heuristic
The meaning of words and phrases is determined by applying the rules of______.
Semantics
A specific formula for solving a problem is called____.
An algorithm
Which type of bias involves becoming fixated on a single trait of a problem?
Anchoring bias
Which of the following is not one of Gardner’s Multiple intelligences?
Creative
Which type of bias involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision?
Representative bias
The three functionings of memory are_____.
Encoding, storage, and retrieval
This physical trace of memory is known as the_____.
Engram
An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event is a_______.
Flashbulb memory
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is also known as_____.
Blocking
When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement “Every good boy does fine” can help you remember the notes E, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an example of a (an)_______.
Acrostic
According to a study by Yogo and Fujiyama (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about_______.
A traumatic life experience.
The formulation of new memories is sometimes called_____, and the process of bringing up old memories is called_____.
Construction, reconstruction
Memory aids that help organize information for encoding are____.
Mnemonic devices
