Exam 2 Flashcards
True or False and why?
An image produced by a light field microscope will have a light background with the object being dark.
True
True or False and why?
A transmission electron microscope (TEM) gives a 3D image of the surface of cells and specimens are prepared by being sliced thinly and coated in amber.
False, it gives an image of the interior of the cell
True or False and why?
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) gives an image of the interior of cells and specimens are prepared by being coated with a heavy metal stain.
False, it gives an image of the exterior of the cell
Cell theory states:
- All organisms consist of one or more cells
- Each new cell arises of one or more pre-existing cell
Cells must be large enough to house _________, proteins, and structures. But must be small enough for an allowable __________ to ___________ ratio for exchanges with its environment.
- DNA
- Surface to volume
Describe the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. How is this important for life’s functions?
consists of two layers of phospholipids, with a hydrophobic, or water-hating, interior and a hydrophilic, or water-loving, exterior
List two proteins that are associated with the plasma membrane and their functions.
peripheral proteins and integral proteins
List some differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
prokaryotic calls are small, one, small circular chromosome, lack a membrane-bond nucleus and organelles
Eukaryotic cells are very larg, haves multiple paried cromosomes and have a membrane-bound nucleus and organells
Is it beneficial for eukaryotic cells to have compartmentalization? Why or why not?
yes, it help to preform different functions
Match the organelles with their functions.
Nucleus A. Maintains cell shape and
organization
Ribosomes B. Temporary storage
Rough ER C. Packages products
Smooth ER D. Breaks down organic material in
cells
Golgi apparatus E. Makes proteins
Lysosomes F. Breaks down free radicals
Peroxisomes G. Complex carbohydrate and lipid
production
Vacuoles H. Studded with ribosomes to make
proteins
Cytoskeleton I. Houses DNA
I- Nucleus- Houses DNA
E- Ribosomes- makes proteins
H- Rough ER- Studded with ribosomes to make proteins.
G- Smooth ER- Complex carbohydrate and lipid production
D- Golgi apparatus- Breaks down organic material in cells
C- Lysosomes- Packages products
F- Peroxisomes- Bracks down free radicals
B- Vacuoles- Temporary storage
A- Cytoskrlrton- Maintains cell shape and organization
Compare mitochondria and chloroplasts.
mitochondria- produces ATP
chloroplasts- produces sugars
Both- `have their own DNA, and ribosomes, reproduce themselves, and have a double membrane.
Describe the function of Microtubules
forms the internal section of the cell
Describe the function of Intermediate filaments
cell shape and ancers the cell in place
Describe the function of Microfilaments
cell movement and stablization
Describe the function of Plasmodesmata
open channels that extend across the primary wall of adding cells
Describe the function of each of Gap junctions
Describe the function of each of Anchoring junctions
True or false: Flagella are longer and move in a whiplike fashion while cilia are shorter and move in a synchronized fashion.
True or false: Kinetic energy is the energy of motion while potential energy is stored energy.
What do the laws of thermodynamics state?
First law-
What do the laws of thermodynamics state?
Second law-
Which statement is true?
Exergonic reactions store energy and endergonic reactions release energy.
Exergonic reactions release energy and endergonic reactions store energy.
True or false: Activation energy is the amount of energy needed to end a reaction.
What is the function of enzymes?
Compare and contrast cofactors and coenzymes.
Describe how both competitive and noncompetitive inhibition alter an enzyme’s activity.
Draw out the process of feedback inhibition.
Define passive transport.
Movement of substances from low to high concentration that does not require energy.
Movement of substances from high to low concentration that does not require energy.
Movement of substances from high to low concentration that does require energy.
Movement of substances from low to high concentration that does require energy.
Equilibrium-
Osmosis-
Tonicity-
Hypertonic solution-
Isotonic solution-
Hypotonic solution-
Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion and simple diffusion.
Select the definition of active transport.
Movement of substances from low to high concentration that does not require energy.
Movement of substances from high to low concentration that does not require energy.
Movement of substances from high to low concentration that does require energy.
Movement of substances from low to high concentration that does require energy.
True or false: Exocytosis imports molecules into the cell while endocytosis exports substances out of the cell.
Phagocytosis-
Pinocytosis-
Receptor-mediated endocytosis-
True or false: Autotrophs must get their energy from other living sources while heterotrophs produce their own energy.
How is ATP used as an energy source?
Select the correct starting materials and end products of cellular respiration.
Starting: Glucose and oxygen; Ending: Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
Starting: Glucose, oxygen, and water; Ending: Carbon dioxide and ATP.
Starting: Carbon dioxide and ATP; Ending: Glucose, oxygen, and water.
Starting: Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP; Ending: Glucose and oxygen.
Where does glycolysis occur? Is it anaerobic or aerobic?
What are the end products of glycolysis?
2 net ATP, 2 NADH+H+, and 2 pyruvates.
4 net ATP, 2 NADH+H+, and 2 pyruvates.
2 net ATP, 2 NADH+H+, and 1 pyruvate.
What happens during pyruvate modification?
What are the products of the Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle)?
2 ATP, 2 CO2, 4 FADH2, and 6 NADH+H+.
2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, and 6 NADH+H+.
2 FADH2, 2 CO2, 4 ATP, and 6 NADH+H+.
Where do both pyruvate modification and the Krebs cycle take place?
What does the electron transport chain use energy from?
Where is ATP synthase located?
Cytoplasm
Outer mitochondrial membrane
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Overall, how much ATP is generated during cellular respiration?
36
True or false: There are different pathways to breakdown fats and proteins.
True or false: Fermentation takes place when oxygen is not present and is less efficient in producing ATP compared to aerobic respiration.
Give two examples of fermentation.
Give three reasons why life is so dependent on photosynthesis.
What do plant pigments do and where are they located?
Absorb light; mitochondrial membrane.
Absorb some wavelengths of light; thylakoid membrane.
Absorb light; thylakoid membrane,
Absorb some wavelengths of light; mitochondrial membrane.
What is the mesophyll and what does it contain?
True or false: The stomata is used for gas exchange.
Describe the structure of the chloroplast.
What are the two stages of photosynthesis and what do they produce?
Describe the greenhouse effect.
