chapters 3-5 Flashcards
Define autotroph
organism that makes its own food using CO2
Define heterotroph
organism that obtains energy and carbon from other organisms
What are the three main producers we talked about in lecture
Plants, Algae, and Certain bacteria
How do consumers rely on producers in ecosystems
Consumers get energy off of producers by eating them.
Give a simple definition of photosynthesis along with its equation.
*converts light energy into chemical energy
*to power reactions
*stored for later use
Carbon dioxide + water > sugar + Oxygen
6CO2 > 6H2O > C6H12O6 > 6O2
What is the role of the chloroplasts in photosynthesis. What are the two main parts?
produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes, which sustain plant growth and crop yield.
Thylakoid membrane
*highly folded inner membrane system
Stroma
*Semifluid matrix between the thylakoid membrane and the two outer membranes of a chloroplast
Briefly describe or draw a picture of chloroplasts structure.
plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process
What is the electromagnetic spectrum? What is the type of energy called that makes up the colors we can see with the naked eye?
*The sun emits energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
*This radiation exists in different wavelengths, each of which has its own characteristic energy.
*Visible light is one type of energy emitted from the sun.
What is a pigment? What is its role in capturing light energy?
Pigment
*an organic molecule that can absorb light at specific wavelengths
What is chlorophyll a? Is this the only type of chlorophyll found in plants?
Write the equations for light dependent reactions and light independent reactions.
Chlorophyll a
*main photosynthetic pigment in plants
Describe the light dependent reactions in detail.
In thylakoid membrane
*chlorophyll (and other pigments)
*absorb light energy
Electrons are energized
*enter electron transfer chains
*ATP formation
Oxygen is released
Electrons and protons end up in NADPH
What is carbon fixation?
changing carbon from gaseous CO2 into an organic molecule
How have plants evolved to minimize water loss?
Briefly describe C3, C4, and CAM plants.
Photosynthesis can occur in prokaryotes, how?
What was life like on earth before photosynthesis occurred? What is life like with photosynthesis?
Briefly describe what global warming is and how this affects the atmospheric carbon balance.
What is the main energy currency of the cell?
What is the term we use for phosphate group transfers?
Describe the ATP cycle. Why is it important?
What is the key difference between anaerobic and aerobic?
Describe glycolysis. Where is it occurring? What are its products?
Describe Acetyl-COA formation. Where is it occurring? What are its products? What is the importance of Coenzyme A?
Describe Krebs cycle. Where is it occurring? What are its products?
Describe the electron transfer chain. Where does it occur? What are its products?
What is the ATP synthase?
What is chemiosmosis?
Write the full equation for aerobic respiration.
Describe anaerobic cellular respiration.
How does alcoholic fermentation work?
How does lactic acid fermentation work?
How does lactic acid fermentation work in our muscle cells?
How do we metabolize different complex carbs?
How do we metabolize lipids?
How do we metabolize proteins?
What is lithotrophy? How do bacteria use this to generate energy?
Smallest unit of life and the first level in the hierarchy of organization that has all of the properties that define a living thing is a __________
Four things ALL cells have are
Why are cells so small?
Two types of microscopes that we use to see different details of cells
Basis of cell theory
Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
___________________ contains the chromosomes and nucleoli (if present).
___________________ continuous system of sacs and tubes that is an extension of the nuclear envelope.
___________________ studded with ribosomes for protein production (Hint: a part of the organelle above).
___________________ makes complex lipids and carbs (Hint: a part of the organelle above).
___________________ modifies proteins, lipids, and carbs. Packages the finished product into transport vesicles. “FedEx of the cell.”
___________________ contains digestive enzymes. “Stomach of the cell.”
___________________ breaks down toxic substances like free radicals.
___________________ responsible for temporary storage and transport. Much bigger in plant cells than animal cells.
___________________ produces most of the ATP in cells that have these.
___________________ produces sugars in photosynthesis.
___________________ dynamic network of protein filaments that support the cell, organize organelles, and move eukaryotic cells.
___________________ short microscopic hairlike vibrating structures found in large numbers on the surface of certain cells
___________________ a slender whip-like structure that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc. to swim. Not numerous.
___________________ temporary protrusions that help some eukaryotic cells move and engulf prey. “False feet.”
___________________ complex structure of substances secreted by cells that support cells and tissues and function in cell signaling.
Name the three animal cell junctions and how they connect cells
Name the one plant cell junction and how it connects cells
What is energy? Name a few forms
Most of the energy on earth comes from where?
Who uses the sun’s energy directly?
Who “consumes” others for energy?
Who breaks down dead plant and animal matter for energy?
The first law of thermodynamics states
The second law of thermodynamics states
Stored energy is, (provide an example)
Energy of motion is, (provide an example)
Molecules that enter a chemical reaction are
Molecules that remain after a chemical reaction are
The sum total of all energy in chemical reactions in a cell or organism is,
Catabolic reactions occur when, ______________ and are also called______________ reactions.
Anabolic reactions occur when, ______________ and are also called ______________ reactions.
Minimum required energy to start a reaction is called ______________ energy.
What controls the type of energy needed above?
Reactant molecules that are specifically reacted upon by an enzyme are
These molecules bind to an enzyme’s
List some factors that influence the activity of enzymes and how they affect them
What two things can bind to an enzyme to modify the active site to better fit substrates?
There are two forms of enzyme inhibition, what are they and how do they affect active sites of enzymes?
What are metabolic pathways and why are they necessary?
Why is it important to control metabolic pathways?
What is it called when excess product blocks the metabolic pathway? Why is this an important regulatory mechanism in cells?
What is it called when materials require energy investment to move out of the cell?
What is it called when materials require NO energy investment to move out of the cell?
The main energy currency of the cell is
Describe phosphorylation ______________ (Hint: This has to do with the answer above)
Describe diffusion and where it occurs in the cell ______________
Describe osmosis
What is hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic?
In plant cells ______________ counters osmosis.
What is turgor?
Facilitated diffusion requires a helper protein but no ATP (energy). Is this active or passive transport?
What is endocytosis
What is exocytosis ______________ (hint: what do the prefixes endo and exo mean?)
Phagocytosis or “cellular eating” is a form of what and what is its purpose? ______________
Pinocytosis is a form of what and what is its purpose?
What protein can move two substances across a membrane in opposite directions at the same time?
Describe membrane trafficking ______________
