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bio 100 Exam > chapters 3-5 > Flashcards

chapters 3-5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define autotroph

A

organism that makes its own food using CO2

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2
Q

Define heterotroph

A

organism that obtains energy and carbon from other organisms

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3
Q

What are the three main producers we talked about in lecture

A

Plants, Algae, and Certain bacteria

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4
Q

How do consumers rely on producers in ecosystems

A

Consumers get energy off of producers by eating them.

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5
Q

Give a simple definition of photosynthesis along with its equation.

A

*converts light energy into chemical energy
*to power reactions
*stored for later use
Carbon dioxide + water > sugar + Oxygen
6CO2 > 6H2O > C6H12O6 > 6O2

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6
Q

What is the role of the chloroplasts in photosynthesis. What are the two main parts?

A

produce energy through photosynthesis and oxygen-release processes, which sustain plant growth and crop yield.

Thylakoid membrane
*highly folded inner membrane system
Stroma
*Semifluid matrix between the thylakoid membrane and the two outer membranes of a chloroplast

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7
Q

Briefly describe or draw a picture of chloroplasts structure.

A

plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process

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8
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum? What is the type of energy called that makes up the colors we can see with the naked eye?

A

*The sun emits energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
*This radiation exists in different wavelengths, each of which has its own characteristic energy.
*Visible light is one type of energy emitted from the sun.

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9
Q

What is a pigment? What is its role in capturing light energy?

A

Pigment
*an organic molecule that can absorb light at specific wavelengths

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10
Q

What is chlorophyll a? Is this the only type of chlorophyll found in plants?

A
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11
Q

Write the equations for light dependent reactions and light independent reactions.

A

Chlorophyll a
*main photosynthetic pigment in plants

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12
Q

Describe the light dependent reactions in detail.

A

In thylakoid membrane
*chlorophyll (and other pigments)
*absorb light energy
Electrons are energized
*enter electron transfer chains
*ATP formation
Oxygen is released
Electrons and protons end up in NADPH

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13
Q

What is carbon fixation?

A

changing carbon from gaseous CO2 into an organic molecule

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14
Q

How have plants evolved to minimize water loss?

A
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15
Q

Briefly describe C3, C4, and CAM plants.

A
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16
Q

Photosynthesis can occur in prokaryotes, how?

A
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17
Q

What was life like on earth before photosynthesis occurred? What is life like with photosynthesis?

A
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18
Q

Briefly describe what global warming is and how this affects the atmospheric carbon balance.

A
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19
Q

What is the main energy currency of the cell?

A
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20
Q

What is the term we use for phosphate group transfers?

A
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21
Q

Describe the ATP cycle. Why is it important?

A
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22
Q

What is the key difference between anaerobic and aerobic?

A
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23
Q

Describe glycolysis. Where is it occurring? What are its products?

A
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24
Q

Describe Acetyl-COA formation. Where is it occurring? What are its products? What is the importance of Coenzyme A?

A
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25
Q

Describe Krebs cycle. Where is it occurring? What are its products?

A
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26
Q

Describe the electron transfer chain. Where does it occur? What are its products?

A
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27
Q

What is the ATP synthase?

A
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28
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A
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29
Q

Write the full equation for aerobic respiration.

A
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30
Q

Describe anaerobic cellular respiration.

A
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31
Q

How does alcoholic fermentation work?

A
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32
Q

How does lactic acid fermentation work?

A
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33
Q

How does lactic acid fermentation work in our muscle cells?

A
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34
Q

How do we metabolize different complex carbs?

A
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35
Q

How do we metabolize lipids?

A
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36
Q

How do we metabolize proteins?

A
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37
Q

What is lithotrophy? How do bacteria use this to generate energy?

A
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38
Q

Smallest unit of life and the first level in the hierarchy of organization that has all of the properties that define a living thing is a __________

A
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39
Q

Four things ALL cells have are

A
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40
Q

Why are cells so small?

A
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41
Q

Two types of microscopes that we use to see different details of cells

A
42
Q

Basis of cell theory

A
43
Q

Compare and contrast eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A
44
Q

___________________ contains the chromosomes and nucleoli (if present).

A
45
Q

___________________ continuous system of sacs and tubes that is an extension of the nuclear envelope.

A
46
Q

___________________ studded with ribosomes for protein production (Hint: a part of the organelle above).

A
47
Q

___________________ makes complex lipids and carbs (Hint: a part of the organelle above).

A
48
Q

___________________ modifies proteins, lipids, and carbs. Packages the finished product into transport vesicles. “FedEx of the cell.”

A
49
Q

___________________ contains digestive enzymes. “Stomach of the cell.”

A
50
Q

___________________ breaks down toxic substances like free radicals.

A
51
Q

___________________ responsible for temporary storage and transport. Much bigger in plant cells than animal cells.

A
52
Q

___________________ produces most of the ATP in cells that have these.

A
53
Q

___________________ produces sugars in photosynthesis.

A
54
Q

___________________ dynamic network of protein filaments that support the cell, organize organelles, and move eukaryotic cells.

A
55
Q

___________________ short microscopic hairlike vibrating structures found in large numbers on the surface of certain cells

A
56
Q

___________________ a slender whip-like structure that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc. to swim. Not numerous.

A
57
Q

___________________ temporary protrusions that help some eukaryotic cells move and engulf prey. “False feet.”

A
58
Q

___________________ complex structure of substances secreted by cells that support cells and tissues and function in cell signaling.

A
59
Q

Name the three animal cell junctions and how they connect cells

A
60
Q

Name the one plant cell junction and how it connects cells

A
61
Q

What is energy? Name a few forms

A
62
Q

Most of the energy on earth comes from where?

A
63
Q

Who uses the sun’s energy directly?

A
64
Q

Who “consumes” others for energy?

A
65
Q

Who breaks down dead plant and animal matter for energy?

A
66
Q

The first law of thermodynamics states

A
67
Q

The second law of thermodynamics states

A
68
Q

Stored energy is, (provide an example)

A
69
Q

Energy of motion is, (provide an example)

A
70
Q

Molecules that enter a chemical reaction are

A
71
Q

Molecules that remain after a chemical reaction are

A
72
Q

The sum total of all energy in chemical reactions in a cell or organism is,

A
73
Q

Catabolic reactions occur when, ______________ and are also called______________ reactions.

A
74
Q

Anabolic reactions occur when, ______________ and are also called ______________ reactions.

A
75
Q

Minimum required energy to start a reaction is called ______________ energy.

A
76
Q

What controls the type of energy needed above?

A
77
Q

Reactant molecules that are specifically reacted upon by an enzyme are

A
78
Q

These molecules bind to an enzyme’s

A
79
Q

List some factors that influence the activity of enzymes and how they affect them

A
80
Q

What two things can bind to an enzyme to modify the active site to better fit substrates?

A
81
Q

There are two forms of enzyme inhibition, what are they and how do they affect active sites of enzymes?

A
82
Q

What are metabolic pathways and why are they necessary?

A
83
Q

Why is it important to control metabolic pathways?

A
84
Q

What is it called when excess product blocks the metabolic pathway? Why is this an important regulatory mechanism in cells?

A
85
Q

What is it called when materials require energy investment to move out of the cell?

A
86
Q

What is it called when materials require NO energy investment to move out of the cell?

A
87
Q

The main energy currency of the cell is

A
88
Q

Describe phosphorylation ______________ (Hint: This has to do with the answer above)

A
89
Q

Describe diffusion and where it occurs in the cell ______________

A
90
Q

Describe osmosis

A
91
Q

What is hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic?

A
92
Q

In plant cells ______________ counters osmosis.

A
93
Q

What is turgor?

A
94
Q

Facilitated diffusion requires a helper protein but no ATP (energy). Is this active or passive transport?

A
95
Q

What is endocytosis

A
96
Q

What is exocytosis ______________ (hint: what do the prefixes endo and exo mean?)

A
97
Q

Phagocytosis or “cellular eating” is a form of what and what is its purpose? ______________

A
98
Q

Pinocytosis is a form of what and what is its purpose?

A
99
Q

What protein can move two substances across a membrane in opposite directions at the same time?

A
100
Q

Describe membrane trafficking ______________

A
101
Q
A

bio 100 Exam (2 decks)

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