Exam #2 Flashcards
Mortality is…
rates of death
Morbidity is…
Rates of disease
What is homeostasis?
relative maintenance of a consistent system of the body
What is the difference between acute and chronic?
acute is an immediate reaction; chronic is change over a long period of time
Acute Response leads to…
chronic adaptation
What is an acute response?
Response to a single bout of physical activity (raised heart rate)
What is a chronic adaptation?
Response of repeated physical activity that improves functions of the body
What energy system uses ATP and Creatine?
Immediate (10 seconds or less)
What energy system is for 2 minutes or less?
Glycolysis
Where does glycolysis get its energy from?
blood glucose
What energy system is used for 2+ minutes?
Oxidative metabolism
What does oxidative metabolism use?
Carbohydrates or fats. Fats for low intensity, carbs as it gets higher
At low intensity what do you burn more of?
Fats
At high intensity what do you burn more of?
Carbohydrates
What is the glucose-fatty acid cycle?
When you feed carbs, body will use carbs, when you don’t feed carbs, body will find other sources
What is gluc-4?
A glucose transporter. Takes glucose from blood into cells
What triggers gluc-4?
when insulin travels around the body tries to reduce blood sugar
Two muscle types?
Type I and Type II
Characteristics of Type I muscle:
Slow twitch; not a lot of ATP; very fatigue resistant
Characteristics of Type II muscle:
Fast twitch; Lots of ATP; fatigue very easily
Catabolic versus anabolic
Catabolic breaks things down, anabolic builds things up
Body composition make up:
Fat mass & lean body mass
What is osteoporosis?
Clinical disease of brittle bone and decrease in bone density
How to reduce osteoporosis?
Enough calcium; SAID principle: use it or lose it (Wolf’s law)
Characteristics of the Female Athlete Triad
Amenorrhea, Decreased bone density, Reduced energy availability
RED-S stands for…
Relative Energy Deficit Syndrome
Hyper =
Higher
Hypo =
less
Hyperglycemia
High blood sugar
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar
Hypertension
High Blood Pressure
Hyperlipidemia
High lipids in blood
Hyperinsulinemia
High insulin in the blood
How to measure energy expenditure?
expensive water with urine analysis/breath samples (accurate/expensive), indirect caliemetry look at oxygen consumption, questionnaires( not accurate), accelerometer (most common)
Why do you choose a certain testing system for energy expenditure?
Cost, invasiveness, practicality
What are the environmental conditions that affect exercise?
Cold, Heat, Altitude
Main things to pay attention when exercising in heat?
Humidity, temperature, timing, drink fluids, proper clothing
Evaporation:
Loss of heat via sweat –> water vapor
Convection:
exchange of heat based on passing air
Conduction:
Heat transfer solely based on touching something
Radiation:
Heat propelling off of surface
Sweat is the _____ form of heat loss
major
Leading cause of death in US
Cardiovascular disease
Therapeutic versus Rehabilitation
Therapeutic: Trying to improve with remedial agents, Rehabilitation: Action of restoring back to normal
What is a Myocardial infarction?
Heart attack; Complete blockage of blood vessels/arteries leading to heart. Part of heart dies
What is ischemia?
Cut-off/lack of blood flow to body
What is Angina Pectoris?
Chest pain
Obstructive versus Restrictive PD
Obstructive: blockage that affects the flow of air in lungs; Restrictive: decrease in capacity of lungs
Role of clinical ex physiologist
pre health screening, medical history, stress test, evaluation, exercise prescription
What is VO2 Max?
Maximum amount of oxygen the body can process and use (Liters/min)
VO2 Max Test
Test that puts one through different intensities to see where one maxes out on oxygen
What is an incremental graded exercise test?
Done in stages, increasing in intensity
Maximal versus submaximal test
Maximal: till failure, sub maximal: picking a % and stopping there
How does exercise improve health concerning cv disease?
Just improves health
What is informed consent?
People fully understand what is going to happen
RPE
ratings of perceived exertion (6-20)
How do we measure function of CV system?
Heart rate, Blood pressure, ECG, Echo
What is atherosclerosis?
Narrowing of the arteries due to plaque development
What is Type II diabetes mellitus?
Insulin resistance –> hyperglycemia
What is cardiac output?
Total amount of blood pumped out of heart/min
What is heart rate?
Heart Beats per min
What is Stroke volume?
How much blood/beat?
What is a single cardiac cycle?
Pumping of heart, systole, diastole, new beat
Benefit of Bergstrom muscle biopsy method?
Very easy to analyze muscle glycogen
Two factors that determine what we burn for fuel when exercising?
Intensity & Duration
Difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes?
I: body works fine, but pancreas cannot produce insulin
II: lifestyle; pancreas makes insulin, but cells are resistant
What are the carbohydrate intake rates during exercise?
0-45 mins = no need, 60+ = 30-60g/hour
Why should glucose be consumed during long exercise?
Supply glucose to working muscle and maintain blood glucose (makes brain happy!)
General protein intake requirement?
0.8 grams but more recommended 1.2-1.4 in endurance athletes, 1.4-1.7 in strength athletes
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Improve health of Americans via nutrition; provide guidelines to healthy lifestyle
What athletic group benefits from high fat, low carb?
Lower intensity, longer duration
What level of hydration sees performance decrease?
2% of Body weight loss
Why do we need electrolytes during exercise?
To replenish what we lose through sweat
3 most common signs that indicate dehydration?
urine color, thirst, weight
What are Ergogenic aids?
Supplements that are meant to improve performance
