Exam 2 Flashcards
Gender
the personal traits, social positions, and values and beliefs that members of society attach to being male or female
Gender Role
a societal definition of what constitutes either masculine or feminine behavior
Sex-role Socialization
the process by which boys and girls internalize their culture’s norms, sanctions, and expectations for members of their gender
Masculinity Hypothesis
the idea that as girls become more boylike and acquire more masculine traits, they become more delinquent
Feminist Theory of Delinquency
theory that adolescent females’ victimization at home causes them to become delinquent and that this fact has been systematically ignored
Chivalry Theory
idea that the justice system tends to treat adolescent females and women more leniently because of their gender
Socialization
the process by which individuals come to internalize their culture; through this process an individual learns the norms, sanctions, and expectations of being a member of a particular society
Family Related Risk Factors of Delinquency
broken homes birth order family size delinquent siblings and criminal parents quality of home life family rejection discipline in the home
Broken Home
a family in which parents are divorced or are no longer living together
Birth Order
the sequence of births in a family and a child’s position in it: firstborn, middle, or youngest
middle child most likely to be delinquent
Family Size
the number of children in a family
the larger the family, the more likely of the children being delinquent
Neglect
a disregard for the physical, emotional, or moral needs of children. Child neglect involves the failure of the parent or caregiver to provide nutritious food, adequate clothing and sleeping arrangements, essential medical care, sufficient supervision, access to education, and normal experiences that produce feeling of being loved, wanted, secure, and worthy
Child Abuse
the mistreatment of children by parents or caregivers; maybe be physical abuse, emotional abuse, or sexual abuse
Physical Abuse
the intentional behavior directed toward a child by the parent of caregiver to cause pain, injury, or death
Emotional Abuse
a disregard for the psychological needs of a child, including the lack of expressed love, withholding of contact or approval, verbal abuse, unrealistic demands, threats, and psychological cruelty
Sexual Abuse
the intentional and wrongful physical contact with a person, with or without his or her consent, that entails a sexual purpose or component
Incest
any intrafamily sexual abuse that is perpetrated on a child by a member of that child’s family group that includes not only sexual intercourse but also any act designed to stimulate a child sexually or to use a child for sexual stimulation, either of the perpetrator or of another person
Running Away
the act of leaving the custody and home of parents or guardians without permission and failing to return within a reasonable length of time; a status offense
Vandalism
the act of destroying or damaging, or attempting to destroy or damage, the property of another without the owner’s consent or destroying or damaging public property (except arsen)
Violence
a forceful physical assault with or without weapons. Includes many kinds of fighting, rape, other attacks, gang warfare, and so on.
Bullying
the hurtful, frightening, or menacing actions undertaken by one person to intimidate another (generally weaker) person to gain that person’s unwilling compliance, and/or to put him or her in fear
Academic Performance
achievement in schoolwork as rated by grades and other assessment measures;
poor performance is a factor in delinquency
In Loco Parentis
principle according to which a guardian or an agency is given the rights, duties, and responsibilities of a parent in relation to a particular child or children
Parens Patriae
a medieval English doctrine that sanctions the right of the Crown to intervene in natural family relations whenever a child’s welfare was threatened; philosophy of which the juvenile court is based on
Blocked Opportunity Theory
those most likely to commit delinquent acts are those why do poorly in school or who believe they have little change of graduation
Strain Theory
the school is viewed as a middle-class institution in which lower-class children are frequently unable to perform successfully, and they turn to delinquency to compensate for feelings of status frustration, failure, and low self-esteem
Cultural Deviance Theory
because schools tend to reflect the characteristics of the community of which they are a part, attending a school in high-crime areas increases the likelihood of association with delinquent peers
Social Control Theory (for school)
the school is seen as one of the major socializing institutions, providing students with structure, incentives, expectations, and opportunities for social bonding; delinquency is likely to result when a strong bond to school does not develop
Labeling Theory
once students are defined as deviant, they adopt a deviant role in response to their lowered status
Radical Criminology
view the school as a means by which the privilege classes maintain power over the lower classes
General Theory of Crime
students with self-control are able to abstain from activities in school that would attract them to delinquent behavior and that would gain the negative attention of teachers and the juvenile justice system
Interactional Theory
delinquency behavior reduces the strength of the bonds to family and school, thereby establishing a behavioral trajectory toward increased delinquency
Theoretical Perspectives on School and Delinquency
Blocked Opportunity Theory Strain Theory Cultural Deviance Theory Social Control Theory Labeling Theory Radical Criminology General Theory of Crime Interactional Theory
Drug Addiction
a craving for a particular drug,
accompanied by physical dependence, which
motivates continuing usage, resulting in tolerance to
the drug’s effects and a complex of identifiable
symptoms appearing when it is suddenly withdrawn
Drug Abuse
when the user becomes dysfunctional
3 Major Groups of Substance Users
(1) Youth who experiment once or twice then discontinue use
(2) Youth who use drugs into young adulthood but do not do not
let drug use interfere with their lives in any major way
(3) Those who become addicted or dependent on drugs and
revolve their lives around the substance
Licit Drugs
substances that are legal
Illicit Drugs
substances that are forbidden by law
Risk Factors of Drug Use
(1) Perinatal difficulties, minor physical abnormalities, and brain damage
(2) Family environment, including a family history of alcoholism, poor family management practices, and family conflict
(3) Early antisocial behavior and academic failure.
(4) Living in economically deprived areas and disorganized neighborhoods
Theories of Drug Use
Cognitive-Affective Theories Addictive-Personality Theory Stress Relief Theory Social Learning Theory Social Control Theories Social Disorganization Theory Integrated Theories
Cognitive-Affective Theories
theories relate to how the perceptions about the costs and benefits of drug use contribute to adolescents’ decision to experiment with substances
Addictive-Personality Theory
the typical addict has an addiction-prone personality and suffers from some deep-rooted personality disorder or emotional problems
Stress Relief Theory
the desire to get high- as a means to relieve stress, depression, or boredom of everyday life-is common is adolescent culture
Social Learning Theory
the theory that postulates that an adolescent’s involvement in substance abuse begins with observation and imitation of substance specific behaviors, continues with social reinforcement, and cultivates a juvenile’s expectation of positive social and psychological consequences from continued drug use
Social Control Theories (drugs)
emotional attachment to peers who use substances is a primary cause of substance abuse
Social Disorganization Theory
the bleak economic environment has resulted in those situated in these settings to experience doubt, hopelessness, and uncertainty, and, as a result, they seek relief in drugs
Integrated Theories
use of strain, social control, and social learning theories to form a perspective that accounts for delinquent behavior and drug use
