Exam 2

Question 1

Gender

Answer 1

the personal traits, social positions, and values and beliefs that members of society attach to being male or female

Question 2

Gender Role

Answer 2

a societal definition of what constitutes either masculine or feminine behavior

Question 3

Sex-role Socialization

Answer 3

the process by which boys and girls internalize their culture’s norms, sanctions, and expectations for members of their gender

Question 4

Masculinity Hypothesis

Answer 4

the idea that as girls become more boylike and acquire more masculine traits, they become more delinquent

Question 5

Feminist Theory of Delinquency

Answer 5

theory that adolescent females’ victimization at home causes them to become delinquent and that this fact has been systematically ignored

Question 6

Chivalry Theory

Answer 6

idea that the justice system tends to treat adolescent females and women more leniently because of their gender

Question 7

Socialization

Answer 7

the process by which individuals come to internalize their culture; through this process an individual learns the norms, sanctions, and expectations of being a member of a particular society

Question 8

Family Related Risk Factors of Delinquency

Answer 8

broken homes
birth order
family size
delinquent siblings and criminal parents
quality of home life
family rejection
discipline in the home

Question 9

Broken Home

Answer 9

a family in which parents are divorced or are no longer living together

Question 10

Birth Order

Answer 10

the sequence of births in a family and a child’s position in it: firstborn, middle, or youngest
middle child most likely to be delinquent

Question 11

Family Size

Answer 11

the number of children in a family

the larger the family, the more likely of the children being delinquent

Question 12

Neglect

Answer 12

a disregard for the physical, emotional, or moral needs of children. Child neglect involves the failure of the parent or caregiver to provide nutritious food, adequate clothing and sleeping arrangements, essential medical care, sufficient supervision, access to education, and normal experiences that produce feeling of being loved, wanted, secure, and worthy

Question 13

Child Abuse

Answer 13

the mistreatment of children by parents or caregivers; maybe be physical abuse, emotional abuse, or sexual abuse

Question 14

Physical Abuse

Answer 14

the intentional behavior directed toward a child by the parent of caregiver to cause pain, injury, or death

Question 15

Emotional Abuse

Answer 15

a disregard for the psychological needs of a child, including the lack of expressed love, withholding of contact or approval, verbal abuse, unrealistic demands, threats, and psychological cruelty

Question 16

Sexual Abuse

Answer 16

the intentional and wrongful physical contact with a person, with or without his or her consent, that entails a sexual purpose or component

Question 17

Incest

Answer 17

any intrafamily sexual abuse that is perpetrated on a child by a member of that child’s family group that includes not only sexual intercourse but also any act designed to stimulate a child sexually or to use a child for sexual stimulation, either of the perpetrator or of another person

Question 18

Running Away

Answer 18

the act of leaving the custody and home of parents or guardians without permission and failing to return within a reasonable length of time; a status offense

Question 19

Vandalism

Answer 19

the act of destroying or damaging, or attempting to destroy or damage, the property of another without the owner’s consent or destroying or damaging public property (except arsen)

Question 20

Violence

Answer 20

a forceful physical assault with or without weapons. Includes many kinds of fighting, rape, other attacks, gang warfare, and so on.

Question 21

Bullying

Answer 21

the hurtful, frightening, or menacing actions undertaken by one person to intimidate another (generally weaker) person to gain that person’s unwilling compliance, and/or to put him or her in fear

Question 22

Academic Performance

Answer 22

achievement in schoolwork as rated by grades and other assessment measures;
poor performance is a factor in delinquency

Question 23

In Loco Parentis

Answer 23

principle according to which a guardian or an agency is given the rights, duties, and responsibilities of a parent in relation to a particular child or children

Question 24

Parens Patriae

Answer 24

a medieval English doctrine that sanctions the right of the Crown to intervene in natural family relations whenever a child’s welfare was threatened; philosophy of which the juvenile court is based on

Question 25

Blocked Opportunity Theory

Answer 25

those most likely to commit delinquent acts are those why do poorly in school or who believe they have little change of graduation

Question 26

Strain Theory

Answer 26

the school is viewed as a middle-class institution in which lower-class children are frequently unable to perform successfully, and they turn to delinquency to compensate for feelings of status frustration, failure, and low self-esteem

Question 27

Cultural Deviance Theory

Answer 27

because schools tend to reflect the characteristics of the community of which they are a part, attending a school in high-crime areas increases the likelihood of association with delinquent peers

Question 28

Social Control Theory (for school)

Answer 28

the school is seen as one of the major socializing institutions, providing students with structure, incentives, expectations, and opportunities for social bonding; delinquency is likely to result when a strong bond to school does not develop

Question 29

Labeling Theory

Answer 29

once students are defined as deviant, they adopt a deviant role in response to their lowered status

Question 30

Radical Criminology

Answer 30

view the school as a means by which the privilege classes maintain power over the lower classes

Question 31

General Theory of Crime

Answer 31

students with self-control are able to abstain from activities in school that would attract them to delinquent behavior and that would gain the negative attention of teachers and the juvenile justice system

Question 32

Interactional Theory

Answer 32

delinquency behavior reduces the strength of the bonds to family and school, thereby establishing a behavioral trajectory toward increased delinquency

Question 33

Theoretical Perspectives on School and Delinquency

Answer 33

``` Blocked Opportunity Theory Strain Theory Cultural Deviance Theory Social Control Theory Labeling Theory Radical Criminology General Theory of Crime Interactional Theory ```

Question 34

Drug Addiction

Answer 34

a craving for a particular drug, accompanied by physical dependence, which motivates continuing usage, resulting in tolerance to the drug’s effects and a complex of identifiable symptoms appearing when it is suddenly withdrawn

Question 35

Drug Abuse

Answer 35

when the user becomes dysfunctional

Question 36

3 Major Groups of Substance Users

Answer 36

(1) Youth who experiment once or twice then discontinue use (2) Youth who use drugs into young adulthood but do not do not let drug use interfere with their lives in any major way (3) Those who become addicted or dependent on drugs and revolve their lives around the substance

Question 37

Licit Drugs

Answer 37

substances that are legal

Question 38

Illicit Drugs

Answer 38

substances that are forbidden by law

Question 39

Risk Factors of Drug Use

Answer 39

(1) Perinatal difficulties, minor physical abnormalities, and brain damage (2) Family environment, including a family history of alcoholism, poor family management practices, and family conflict (3) Early antisocial behavior and academic failure. (4) Living in economically deprived areas and disorganized neighborhoods

Question 40

Theories of Drug Use

Answer 40

``` Cognitive-Affective Theories Addictive-Personality Theory Stress Relief Theory Social Learning Theory Social Control Theories Social Disorganization Theory Integrated Theories ```

Question 41

Cognitive-Affective Theories

Answer 41

theories relate to how the perceptions about the costs and benefits of drug use contribute to adolescents' decision to experiment with substances

Question 42

Addictive-Personality Theory

Answer 42

the typical addict has an addiction-prone personality and suffers from some deep-rooted personality disorder or emotional problems

Question 43

Stress Relief Theory

Answer 43

the desire to get high- as a means to relieve stress, depression, or boredom of everyday life-is common is adolescent culture

Question 44

Social Learning Theory

Answer 44

the theory that postulates that an adolescent's involvement in substance abuse begins with observation and imitation of substance specific behaviors, continues with social reinforcement, and cultivates a juvenile's expectation of positive social and psychological consequences from continued drug use

Question 45

Social Control Theories (drugs)

Answer 45

emotional attachment to peers who use substances is a primary cause of substance abuse

Question 46

Social Disorganization Theory

Answer 46

the bleak economic environment has resulted in those situated in these settings to experience doubt, hopelessness, and uncertainty, and, as a result, they seek relief in drugs

Question 47

Integrated Theories

Answer 47

use of strain, social control, and social learning theories to form a perspective that accounts for delinquent behavior and drug use