Exam 2 Flashcards

(42 cards)

1
Q

Endocrinology

A

The study of hormones and their effects on the body.

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2
Q

Nueroendocrinology

A

Hormones can be divided into several classes based on chemical makeup: peptides, proteins, steroids

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3
Q

Control on hormone secretion

A

Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood which Carrie’s the hormone to a tissue to exert effect.

Rate at which a hormone is secreted from an endocrine gland is dependent on the magnitude of the input.

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4
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

The pancreas does not produce enough insulin and cells, respond poorly to insulin 

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5
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

When sugar cannot enter cells, a high level of sugar build up in the blood 

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6
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

When is the pancreas doesn’t make insulin

Symptoms
Being very thirsty
Feeling hungry
Losing weight without trying

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7
Q

What is the major site for hormone metabolism?

A

Liver

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8
Q

Growth hormone

A

The growth hormone increases during exercise to mobilize the lies fatty acids from adipose tissue, and to aid in the maintenance of blood glucose 

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9
Q

Growth hormone

A

Excess growth hormone during childhood results in gigantism and inadequate secretion causes dwarfism this is acromegaly

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10
Q

Steroids

A

Synthetic version of hormones 

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11
Q

Ways to natural balance, your hormones

A

Get enough protein, exercise regularly maintain a moderate wait low sugar intake get enough

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12
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

Synthetic substances that mimic the effects of testosterone

Side effects

Fluid retention, difficulty sleeping skin changes 

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13
Q

Heart rate during exercise

A

Play exercise between 60 to 70% of your maximum heart rate

Moderate exercise between 71 to 85% of your maximum heart rate 

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14
Q

Hormone Secretion

A

Insulin releases from the pancreas

And is made in the pancreas

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15
Q

What increases insulin secretion

A

Plasma glucose and amino acids

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16
Q

What decreases insulin secretion?

A

Increase in sympathetic nervous system activity

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17
Q

When is the hormonal half life increased?

A

During exercise blood flow to kidneys and liver decrease causing a hormonal half life to increase results in elevation of plasma level

18
Q

Thyroid Gland Produces…..

A

Thyroxine to counteract the reduction of free thryroxine.

Also secretes calcitonin

19
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

Establish overall metabolic rate

20
Q

Innate immune system

A

Born with an adaptive immune system

21
Q

First line of defense

A

Skin a mucosa

Skin is 2
Mucosa is 400

22
Q

Leukocytes

A

Remove and recognize foreign invaders

23
Q

Neutrophils

A

Site produced: Bone Marrow
Innate
Functions: phagocytosis and release chemicals
45-75%

24
Q

Basophils

A

Bone marrow
Innate
Release chemicals for inflammation
0-2%

25
Eosinophils
Bone marrow Innate Destroy multicellular parasites 0-6%
26
Monocytes
Bone marrow Innate Involved in innate immunity 2-12%
27
Acquired immune cells
B and T Cells (killer T cells helper T cells regulatory T cells) help the immune system
28
VO2MAX
Amount of oxygen your body uses while exercising hard
29
VO2MAX components
Lung capacity and heart volume
30
Exercise provided homeostatic regulation of…
Blood glucose, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood volume
31
Amino acid derivatives
Bind to receptors on surface of target cell Most are not lipid soluble
32
Peptides
Chains of amino acids that can function as neurotransmitters or hormones
33
Why is chemical structure important to hormonal function
It dictates the way in which the hormone is transported in the blood and the manner in which it exerts its effects on the tissue
34
Growth hormone increases during…
Exercise in order to mobilize fatty acids from adipose tissue and to aid in the maintenance of blood glucose
35
Therapeutic doses of growth hormone increase…
Fat oxidation, Vo2Max, strength, and improve body composition
36
Second line of innate immunity
Phagocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages) Inflammation Fever Antimicrobial substances
37
Where are most killer cells found
Blood, liver, spleen
38
Compliment system
Proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target
39
How does the compliment system destroy invaders
By generating holes in the surface of the invading bacterium through insertion of pore forming proteins in the cell membrane
40
How does the compliment system enhance function of other cells
By tagging invading agents for destruction
41
Cells involves with acquired immunity
B-cells and T-cells
42
High intensity exercise can cause an increase in…
Blood levels of natural killer cells, neutrophils, and antibodies. Within three hours, the immune system returns to its pre-exercise level