Exam 2 Flashcards
Endocrinology
The study of hormones and their effects on the body.
Nueroendocrinology
Hormones can be divided into several classes based on chemical makeup: peptides, proteins, steroids
Control on hormone secretion
Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood which Carrie’s the hormone to a tissue to exert effect.
Rate at which a hormone is secreted from an endocrine gland is dependent on the magnitude of the input.
Type 2 Diabetes
The pancreas does not produce enough insulin and cells, respond poorly to insulin 
Hyperglycemia
When sugar cannot enter cells, a high level of sugar build up in the blood 
Type 1 Diabetes
When is the pancreas doesn’t make insulin
Symptoms
Being very thirsty
Feeling hungry
Losing weight without trying
What is the major site for hormone metabolism?
Liver
Growth hormone
The growth hormone increases during exercise to mobilize the lies fatty acids from adipose tissue, and to aid in the maintenance of blood glucose 
Growth hormone
Excess growth hormone during childhood results in gigantism and inadequate secretion causes dwarfism this is acromegaly
Steroids
Synthetic version of hormones 
Ways to natural balance, your hormones
Get enough protein, exercise regularly maintain a moderate wait low sugar intake get enough
Anabolic steroids
Synthetic substances that mimic the effects of testosterone
Side effects
Fluid retention, difficulty sleeping skin changes 
Heart rate during exercise
Play exercise between 60 to 70% of your maximum heart rate
Moderate exercise between 71 to 85% of your maximum heart rate 
Hormone Secretion
Insulin releases from the pancreas
And is made in the pancreas
What increases insulin secretion
Plasma glucose and amino acids
What decreases insulin secretion?
Increase in sympathetic nervous system activity
When is the hormonal half life increased?
During exercise blood flow to kidneys and liver decrease causing a hormonal half life to increase results in elevation of plasma level
Thyroid Gland Produces…..
Thyroxine to counteract the reduction of free thryroxine.
Also secretes calcitonin
Thyroid Hormones
Establish overall metabolic rate
Innate immune system
Born with an adaptive immune system
First line of defense
Skin a mucosa
Skin is 2
Mucosa is 400
Leukocytes
Remove and recognize foreign invaders
Neutrophils
Site produced: Bone Marrow
Innate
Functions: phagocytosis and release chemicals
45-75%
Basophils
Bone marrow
Innate
Release chemicals for inflammation
0-2%
Eosinophils
Bone marrow
Innate
Destroy multicellular parasites
0-6%
Monocytes
Bone marrow
Innate
Involved in innate immunity
2-12%
Acquired immune cells
B and T Cells (killer T cells helper T cells regulatory T cells)
help the immune system
VO2MAX
Amount of oxygen your body uses while exercising hard
VO2MAX components
Lung capacity and heart volume
Exercise provided homeostatic regulation of…
Blood glucose, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood volume
Amino acid derivatives
Bind to receptors on surface of target cell
Most are not lipid soluble
Peptides
Chains of amino acids that can function as neurotransmitters or hormones
Why is chemical structure important to hormonal function
It dictates the way in which the hormone is transported in the blood and the manner in which it exerts its effects on the tissue
Growth hormone increases during…
Exercise in order to mobilize fatty acids from adipose tissue and to aid in the maintenance of blood glucose
Therapeutic doses of growth hormone increase…
Fat oxidation, Vo2Max, strength, and improve body composition
Second line of innate immunity
Phagocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and macrophages)
Inflammation
Fever
Antimicrobial substances
Where are most killer cells found
Blood, liver, spleen
Compliment system
Proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target
How does the compliment system destroy invaders
By generating holes in the surface of the invading bacterium through insertion of pore forming proteins in the cell membrane
How does the compliment system enhance function of other cells
By tagging invading agents for destruction
Cells involves with acquired immunity
B-cells and T-cells
High intensity exercise can cause an increase in…
Blood levels of natural killer cells, neutrophils, and antibodies. Within three hours, the immune system returns to its pre-exercise level