Exam 1

Question 1

 how do you measure metabolic rate?

Answer 1

Direct calorimetry

Question 2

How do you measure oxygen consumption today?

Answer 2

Open circuit spirometry
Test this by clipping the nose to prevent nasal breathing 

Question 3

What is the biological control system and how does it work?

Answer 3

To trigger the operation of a control system, a stimulus representing a change in the internal environment must be present. The stimulus excites a sensor that is a receptor in the body capable of detecting change in the variable in question. The excited sensor then sends a message to the control center. The control center integrates the strength of the incoming signal from the sensor and sends a message to the effectors to bring about the appropriate response to correct the disturbance (i.e., desired effect). The return of the internal environment to normal (i.e., homeostasis) results in a decrease in the original stimulus that triggered the control system into action. This type of feedback loop is termed negative feedback and is the primary method responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body

Question 4

What is the game of a control system?

Answer 4

Game is the capability of the control system the more gain, the easier it is to correct a disturbanc

Question 5

Intracrine signaling

Answer 5

When a chemical messenger is produced inside a cell, that triggers, a signaling pathway within the same cell that leads to a specific

Question 6

Juxracrine signaling

Answer 6

Cells communicating cell to cell contact in example of this is when both cells constrict to ensure heart contracts and smooth and effective manner

Question 7

Autocrine signaling

Answer 7

A cell produces and releases a chemical messenger into the extra cellular fluid that acts upon the cells producing the signal. Example of this would be when a cell triggers DNA to produce a contractile proteins, which increases the size of the muscle cell.

Question 8

Paracrine signaling

Answer 8

When a cell produces signal in a nearby, cell helps. For example, immune cells attacked in, protect the body from infection

Question 9

Endocrine signaling

Answer 9

When a cell releases, chemical signals (hormones) into blood, and these are carried throughout the body

Question 10

Cycle ergometer

Answer 10

Measure work performance of your legs

Question 11

Bench Step

Answer 11

Measure work capacity of humans

Question 12

What are normal blood sugar level?

Answer 12

4.0 to 5.4 mmol /L

Question 13

Cholesterol levels? 

Answer 13

Less than 200 MG/DL
borderline high 200-239
high at or above 240

Question 14

Blood pressure reading?

Answer 14

Normal is 120/80 or lower
High stage one is 130/80
Stage two high blood pressure is 140/90 or higher

Question 15

CVD

Answer 15

An assessment used to evaluate a patient’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease

Question 16

How is ATP produced at rest?

Answer 16

Aerobic metabolism (blood lactate levels are low)

Question 17

Rest to exercise transitions

Answer 17

ATP production increases immediately
Oxygen up take increases rapidly
Initial ATP production is through anaerobic pathways (ATP-PC, Glycolysis)
There is an oxygen deficit

Question 18

How is ATP produced in the first 5 seconds of short term, high intensity exercise

Answer 18

ATP-PC system

Question 19

Intense exercise longer than 5 seconds

Answer 19

Shift to ATP production via glycolysis

Question 20

Events lasting longer than 45 seconds

Answer 20

ATP production through ATP-PC, Glycolysis, and aerobic systems

Question 21

High intensity exercise lasting longer than 20 seconds

Answer 21

Anaerobic glycolysis produces ATP

Question 22

High intensity exercise lasting longer than 45 seconds

Answer 22

Combination of ATP-PC, Glycolysis, and aerobic metabolism

Question 23

Events lasting longer than 10 minutes

Answer 23

ATP production primarily from aerobic metabolism

Question 24

Prolonged exercise in a hot or humid environment at high intensity

Answer 24

Results in upward drift in oxygen uptake due to increase in body temperature and blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 25

From rest to moderate exercise, oxygen uptake…

Answer 25

Oxygen increases rapidly, generally reaching a steady state in one to four minutes

Question 26

Oxygen deficit

Answer 26

Lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise

Question 27

Why is a steady state not reached in a hot or humid environment

Answer 27

The upward drift in oxygen consumption over time does not allow the steady state to be achieved

Question 28

Why do trained subject have a lower oxygen deficit

Answer 28

Better developed aerobic bioenergetic capacity due to cardiovascular or muscular adaptations

Question 29

Oxygen debt

Answer 29

The amount of oxygen required after physical exercise to convert accumulated lactic acid to glucose

Question 30

Removal of lactic acid following exercise

Answer 30

70% is oxidized and used as substrate by heart and skeletal muscle
20% converted to glucose
10% converted to amino acids

Question 31

Physiological factors influencing Vo2 max

Answer 31

Maximum ability of cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to the muscle
Ability of muscles to use oxygen and produce ATP aerobically

Question 32

Lactate threshold

Answer 32

The point at which blood lactic acid rises systematically during incremental exercise

Question 33

Bioenergtics

Answer 33

Converting macronutrients into energy

Question 34

Exergonic reaction

Answer 34

A chemical reaction that releases energy

Question 35

Endergonic reaction

Answer 35

Reaction that requires input of energy

Question 36

Protein synthesis

Answer 36

Synthesizing proteins based on the body going through stress

Question 37

Coupled reactions

Answer 37

Energy given off by the exergonic reaction in turn powers the endergonic reaction

Question 38

Oxidation

Answer 38

Removing an electron

Question 39

Reduction

Answer 39

Adding an electron

Question 40

Enzymes

Answer 40

Lower activation energy

Question 41

Enzyme levels in the blood indicate

Answer 41

Disease or tissue damage