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Sophomore Year > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: The thoracic duct drains from lower body and upper right side of body.

A

False. The thoracic duct drains from the lower body and upper left side of the body.

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2
Q

The L lymphatic duct drains from the right side of the head, neck, and upper right limb and thorax.

A

False. The R lymphatic duct drains from the right side of the head, neck, and upper right limb and thorax.

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3
Q

True or False: Both ducts empty into the subclavian vein.

A

True.

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4
Q

How does fluid leave the capillaries?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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5
Q

True or False: The excess fluid gets picked up by lymph nodes.

A

False: The excess fluid gets picked up my lymph capillaries.

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6
Q

Once interstitial fluid enters the lymph capillaries it becomes what?

A

Lymph

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7
Q

True or False: Contracting skeletal muscles in limbs, contractions of smooth muscle in the larger trunks, and pressure changes from action of skeletal muscles used in breathing help the lymph move.

A

True.

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8
Q

What prevent lymph backflow?

A

Semilunar Valves

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9
Q

True or False: Vessel’s major role in absorption of dietary fats.

A

False. Capillaries

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10
Q

True or False: Capillaries return the excess interstitial fluid and small proteins to bloodstream.

A

True.

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11
Q

What transports foreign particles (bacteria and viruses) to lymph nodes?

A

Lymph

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12
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

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13
Q

What is the largest lymphatic organ?

A

Spleen

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14
Q

What engulfs and destroys foreign substances, damaged cells, and cellular debris?

A

Macrophages

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15
Q

What two organs are made of lymphatic nodules?

A

Tonsils and Appendix

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16
Q

What kind of tissue scattered throughout digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts?

A

Unencapsulated lymphatic tissue

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17
Q

True or False: Proliferation of T lymphocytes which is stimulated by thymosin.

A

True

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18
Q

True or False: Lymphocytes attack viruses, bacteria, and parasitic cells?

A

True

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19
Q

What contain germinal centers where B lymphocytes proliferate?

A

Lymph nodes

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20
Q

True or False: Thymus shrinks after puberty.

A

True

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21
Q

What replaces lymphatic tissue in the thymus as you get older?

A

Adipose and connective tissue

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22
Q

What does white pulp consist of?

A

Lymphocytes

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23
Q

What does red pulp consist of?

A

RBC, lymphocytes and macrophages

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24
Q

Spleen filters blood. Houses macrophages that remove foreign particles, damaged RBC, and cellular debris from the blood; contains lymphocytes.

A
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25
Q

Sinuses in the spleen contain what?

A

Blood

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26
Q

True or False: Lymph nodes potentially harmful particles from lymph before returning it to the bloodstream and monitoring body fluids (immune surveillance) through the actions of lymphocytes and macrophages.

A

True

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27
Q

True or False: The spleen houses macrophages that remove foreign particles, damaged RBC, and cellular debris from the blood; contains lymphocytes.

A

True

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28
Q

True or False: Chemical barriers are: Enzymes in body fluids. Gastric juice containing pepsin. Salt in perspiration, enzymes in tears. Interferons produced by lymphocytes in response to viruses or tumor cells. Stimulate them to synthesize proteins that block replication of variety of viruses and stimulate phagocytosis. Defensins damage bacterial cell walls and membranes. Collections bind to microbes. Complement stimulates inflammation, attacks phagocytes, and enhances phagocytosis.

A

True

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29
Q

True or False: Mechanical Barriers are skin, mucus membranes, death skin sloughs off, hair.

30
Q

These type of cells secrete perforins that lyse virus-infected cells and cancer cells.
Causes WBC to accumulate. Neutrophils and monocytes phagocytize. Helps prevent the spread of infection agents to nearby tissues.

A

Natural Killer Cells

31
Q

What is the process that causes the body’s attack by T cells and their secreted products on non self-antigens.

32
Q

What is the process that causes localized redness, swelling, heat, and pain. Causes edema.

A

Inflammation

33
Q

What is the process that causes neutrophils monocytes, macrophages engulf and destroy foreign particles?

A

Phagocytosis

34
Q

True or False: Humoral are A cells.

A

False. B cells.

35
Q

This is the ability to distinguish molecules that are part of the body (self) and those that are not (nonself).

A

Adaptive Defenses

36
Q

This indirectly inhibits microbial growth and increases phagocytic activity.

37
Q

These type of cells provide for future immune protection.

A

Memory T cells

38
Q

These types of cells release chemicals to destroy infected cells and cancer cells. After binding to the surface of antigen-bearing cells they release perforin that cuts pore like openings destroying the cells.

A

Cytotoxic T cells

39
Q

This is known as a cluster of genes that code for cell surface proteins. Helper t cells recognize that a newly displayed antigen is nonself.

A

Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)

40
Q

This can’t elicit immune response on its own. Until combining with larger molecule (animal dander & dust).

41
Q

This is a non self molecule that can elicit an immune response.

42
Q

This response is when B cells and T cells become activated after first encountering the antigens for which they are specialized to react.

A

Primary immune response

42
Q

These types of cells secrete cytokines.

43
Q

This response is when immune systems respond to subsequent encounters with a nonself antigen. When memory T and B cells react to an antigen that was previously encountered.

A

Secondary immune response

45
Q

These types of cells are made in red bone marrow but they proliferate in the thymus. Provide cellular immune response in which T cells interact directly with the antigens or antigen-bearing agents, to destroy them.

46
Q

These type of cells are made and proliferate in the red bone marrow. Provide humoral immune response in which B cells interact indirectly producing antibodies that destroy the antigens or antigen-bearing agents.

47
Q

These are a chemical that triggers an allergic reaction.

47
Q

True or False: ALL hypersensitivities the individual is pre-sensitized to a particular antigen.

48
Q

What is an exaggerated immune response to a nonharmful antigen?

A

Hypersensitivity reactions

49
Q

True or False: Autoimmune disorders is an inability to distinguish self from nonself.

50
Q

Isograft, autograft, allograft, and xenograft are all a type of what?

A

Organ transplantation

51
Q

This type of immunity is exposure to live pathogens.

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

52
Q

This type of immunity is exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or dead pathogens or their components.

A

Artificially acquired active immunity

53
Q

This type of immunity is an antibody passed to fetus from pregnant woman with active immunity or to newborn through colostrum or breast milk from a woman with active immunity.

A

Naturally acquired passive immunity

54
Q

This type of immunity is an injection of antiserum containing specific antibodies or antitoxins.

A

Artificially acquired passive immunity

55
Q

During this type, a person becomes sensitized by producing IgE antibodies in response to a certain allergen. Overproduction of IgE antibodies. (hay fever)

A

Type I (immediate-reaction)-

56
Q

During this type, phagocytosis and complement-mediated lysis of antigen (mismatched blood transfusion).

A

Type II (antibody dependent)

57
Q

During this type, phagocytosis and lysis cannot clear antigen-antibody complexes (autoimmunity).

A

Type III (immune complex reaction)

58
Q

During this type, T cells and macrophages release chemical factors into the skin (dermatitis).

A

Type IV (delayed-reaction)

59
Q

This type of immunoglobin is located in plasma and tissue- Defends against bacteria and viruses. Can activate compliment. Can cross placenta and membrane.

60
Q

This type of immunoglobin is exocrine gland secretions- Defends against bacteria and viruses. Found in breast milk, tears, bile, urine, gastric juice.

61
Q

This type of immunoglobin is in plasma. Reacts with antigens on some RBC membranes following mismatched blood transfusions; activates complement.

62
Q

Activated when its antigen receptor combines with a displayed foreign antigen. Once activated the helper T cell proliferates and the resulting cells stimulate a type of B cell (plasma cell) to produce antibodies that are specific for the displayed antigen. Cytokines from helper T cells activate the cytotoxic T cell.

A

Helper T cell

63
Q

This type of immunoglobin is on surface of most B lymphocytes. Activates B cell.
This type of immunoglobin is in exocrine gland secretions. Promotes inflammation and allergic responses.

64
Q

This type of cell displays an antigen to the cells of the immune system so they can defend the body against that antigen. T cell needs to encounter antigen presenting cell to become activated.

A

Antigen presenting cell

65
Q

Globular plasma protein that functions as an antibody.

A

Immunoglobulins

66
Q

These are globular plasma protein that functions as an antibody.

A

Immunoglobulins

67
Q

This is a producing cell that forms when activated B cells proliferate. Secrete globular proteins called antibodies. Can secrete 2000 antibodies/sec.

A

Plasma cells

Sophomore Year (4 decks)

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