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entomology > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Reproductive structures (female)

A

ovary
ovareole
calyx
lateral oviduct
accessory gland
vagina
common oviduct
terminal filament

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2
Q

Male reproductive structures

A

vas deferenes
seminal vesicles
accessory glands
ejaculatory duct
penis
gonopore
connective tissue sheath
testicular follicle
epitheal sheath

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3
Q

Testicular function

A

-zone of growth
-zone of maturation and reduction
-zone of transformation
-somatozoa

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4
Q

Oviparous

A

laying eggs ex.moths

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5
Q

ovoviparous

A

internal fertilization and incubation ex flies

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6
Q

viviparous

A

giving birth to live young rather than laying eggs
ex.aphids

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7
Q

Parthenogensis

A

reproducing without fertilization

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8
Q

haploidiploidy

A

sexual reproduction if they inseminate the egg
ex. tsetse fly

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9
Q

Arrhenmotoky

A

generation not fertilized is male

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10
Q

Thelytoky

A

unfertilized egg becomes female
ex. lepidoptera

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11
Q

Amphitoky

A

generation not fertilized can be male or female

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12
Q

PTH (Prothoraxsotropic)

A

formed in insects brain
moved to the corpus cadiacum (structure in insects brain)

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13
Q

Ecdysone

A

made in prothoraxic gland and secreted by prothoraxic gland

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13
Q

Function of PTH

A

binds to receptors in prothorax
stimulates them to release ecdysone

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14
Q

Function of Ecdysone

A

molting hormone, stimulates chain of events for insect to mold, turns on cell divison, turns of secretion of molting fluid

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15
Q

Juvenile hormones

A

produced in corpus allatum. Inhibits metamorphisis, keeps organisms as a juvenile.

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16
Q

Bursicon

A

hardening of the cuticle after the insect has enclosed from the old cuticle

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17
Q

Diapause

A

decrease in metabolism so insects can delay development

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18
Q

Facultative

A

due to environmental cues telling the insect its not favorable conditions

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19
Q

Obligatory

A

every insect in every generation is required to go into diapause or its unable to continue life development

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20
Q

Insect cuticle

A

protective exoskeleton

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21
Q

Function of insect cuticle

A

reduces desication and being eaten

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22
Q

Histology

A

three layers:
-basal laminal (basement membrane)
-epidermis (living layer)
-cuticle (is sclerotized)

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23
Q

Sclerotized

A

hardened

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24
Q

Endocuticle

A

digested during molting,
sclerotized very little, soft and squishy

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25
Q

Exocuticle

A

shed as the exuvia during ecdysis, shed as the insect is molting

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26
Q

Epicuticle

A

the thinnest layer,
does not have chitin does not sclerotize

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27
Q

Wax layer

A

formed by patches of lipids between the cement layer

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28
Q

cement layer

A

hard layer reduces water loss

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29
Q

cuticulin layer

A

thin layer of proteins with lipids, first layer secreted after molting

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30
Q

Inner epicuticle

A

slightly thicker than the cuticulin layer

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31
Q

cuticular proteins

A

arthopains-soluble
resilin-flexible
sclerotins-stabilized, structured proteins

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32
Q

Apolysis

A

digestion of old cuticle

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33
Q

Ecdysis

A

splitting of cuticle along ecdysial cleavage lines and emergence of insect

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34
Q

Insect skeleton

A

plates-sclerites
grooves-sutures

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35
Q

Internal structure of insect skeleton

A

ridges that muscle attach
spines-apophysis
segments-somites, metameres

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36
Q

Structure of nervous system

A

nuerons
soma
dendrites
axons

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37
Q

Glial cells

A

support and protection for the nuerons

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38
Q

Types of nuerons

A

dendrites, unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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39
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

stimulate muscles or glands

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40
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

one axon and one dendrite extending from the soma.
ex.which receives signals from photoreceptor cells that are sensitive to light and transmits these signals to ganglion cells that carry the signal to the brain.

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41
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

multipolar neuron contains one axon and multiple dendrites.
ex.

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42
Q

responsible for movement in the central nervous system

A

nuero-ganglia and thorax ganglia

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43
Q

Overarching brain

A

encompassses thoraxic ganglion

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44
Q

subesophageal ganglion

A

respond and coordinate sense organs
-neck, salivary glands

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45
Q

Abdominal ganglion

A

sensory and motor nuerons for genitalia

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46
Q

Stomata gastric nervous system

A

frontal ganglia, hypocerebral ganglion, caudel ganglion

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47
Q

frontal ganglia

A

coordinates the mouth with the foregut, ventral visaral system, opening/close of sphericals

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48
Q

hypocerebral ganglion

A

corpus cadacum, corpus allatum

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49
Q

caudel ganglion

A

prosteriohind gut and internal reproduced organs

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50
Q

sensory organs

A

take info from the internal or external environment and move it to the peripheal nervous system to eventually get to the central or stomatic nervous system

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51
Q

central nervous system brains

A

protocerebrum
duetocerebrum
tritocerebrum

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52
Q

Protocerebrum

A

process info from the eyes

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53
Q

Duetocerebrum

A

process info from the antennae, in charge of smelling

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54
Q

tritocerebrum

A

connecting the other 2 brains to the stomatic gastric

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55
Q

resting potential

A

-70 mv

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56
Q

channels in the action potential

A

once a threshold is hit and enough sodium goes through membrane. Forces all the sodium channels to open. Cause depolarization effect, now the membrane is very positive

57
Q

sensory system

A

-sensilla
-mechanoreceptors
-chemoreceptors
-photoreceptors
-thermoreceptors

58
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

responding to movement

59
Q

chemoreceptors

A

respond to smell and taste

60
Q

photoreceptors

A

responding to electromagnetic radiation

61
Q

thermoreceptors

A

responding to changes in temperature

62
Q

sensilla transduction

A

sensilla has to transduce to other nervous systems

63
Q

sensilla cells

A

receptor cells,accessory cell, proprioreceptor

63
Q

Receptor cells

A

detect sensations and respond to stimuli

64
Q

accessory cell

A

secretes structures

65
Q

proprioreceptor

A

specialized receptors that respond to internal changes

66
Q

components of visual system

A

-compound eyes
-ommatidium(grouped together)
-ocelli and stemmata
simple eyes
photoreceptor areas

67
Q

ocelli

A

light changes
dont detect images
stimulated by light

68
Q

stomata

A

less than 12, not all insects have
-discriminating polarized light
-can create a mosaic image

69
Q

The two regions in ommatidium

A

dioptric apparatus
receptor apparatus

70
Q

Dioptric apparatus

A

lense of ommatidium
-corneal pigment cells
-crystalline cone
-corneal lens

71
Q

receptor apparatus

A

-retinular cell
-rhabdom
-basement membrane

72
Q

Trichoid

A

sensory organ

73
Q

hair sensilla

A

sense organ

74
Q

trichogen cell

A

hair forming

75
Q

tormogen cell

A

socket forming

76
Q

stretch receptors

A

-internal
-attach to connective tissue and/or muscle
-associated with multi plural nuerons
-responding to movement of an organ getting larger(seen on gut)

77
Q

gustation

A

taste

78
Q

olfaction

A

smell

79
Q

Basicionic

A

peglike w/ many pores
-used for olfaction
-on antennae + mouth part

80
Q

colioconic

A

olfaction+gustation

81
Q

plate organs

A

penetrated by pores
chemoreceptor
many sensilla within pit
ex. aphids and honey bees

82
Q

taxis

A

organism is responding to the environmental stimulus

83
Q

Different types of taxis

A

geotaxis
photo
anemo
phono
astro

84
Q

intra communication

A

within a species

85
Q

interspecifc communication

A

within different species

86
Q

aggregation pheromones

A

attract both sexs

87
Q

sex pheromone

A

produced by the gender and attract the other. Long range communication

88
Q

alarm pheromone

A

a type of chemical insects put out to signal to the rest of the colony that there is a threat/danger

89
Q

niche

A

where insect occurs and what is its role in food etc

90
Q

resource partitioning

A

partitioning resources so they don’t have to compete

91
Q

predator avoidance tactics

A

passive resistance
cryptic coloration
hide
heavy armor
reflex immobility
autonomy
toxins
reflective bleeding
aposmatic coloration
mimicry

92
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

only model is toxic mimic is not

93
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

both model and mimic aren’t suitable for eating, toxic

94
Q

active defense

A

decisions that the organism is making

95
Q

volatile controls

A

pheromones
attractions

96
Q

genetic control

A

sterile male

97
Q

microbial insecticides

A

bacillus thuringiensis
fungi
nematodes

98
Q

Botanical control

A

pyrethrum
nicotine

99
Q

insecticides

A

inorganic compounds
-arsenic
-soaps

100
Q

synthetic organic compounds

A

ddt
pyrethoids

101
Q

insect growth regulators

A

metamorphosis
chitin production

102
Q

Medical entomology

A

damage/disease by insects
hematophagous

103
Q

Hematophagous

A

feed on blood
-obligate vs faculatative
-challenges
-biting flies

104
Q

ectoparasites

A

fleas and lice

105
Q

Yellow fever

A

mosquito transmitted yellow fever

106
Q

Malaria

A

229 million infected
over 400 thousand people die per year
transmitted by anopheles mosquitos

107
Q

Myiasis

A

fly infects tissue
dead or living tissue

108
Q

embryogenesis

A

occurs when the egg is fertilized. And there is a multiplication of cells

109
Q

metamorphosis

A

rapid development after birth

110
Q

morphogenesis

A

growth, molting, and maturation of an insect

111
Q

hemmetebalous

A

incomplete metamorphosis

112
Q

holometabolous

A

complete development

113
Q

hyper metamorphosis

A

multiple types of larva and adults

114
Q

Polyembryonie

A

one egg can generate multiple larva

115
Q

Adult development

A

-pupa
-imaginal discs
In larva they will increase in number
-eclosion
The actual hatching from the egg or pupa. Whenever the insect leaves outside of the protected shell. Larva breaks out of chorion shell its called eclosion. When an adult breaks out of pupa it is also eclosion.

116
Q

eclosion

A

the organism has to chew its way out or it can digest the case.Lepidotera release an enzyme called cacoonase that breaks down pupal case of lepidoptera.

117
Q

copulation

A

mating

118
Q

polytropic

A

nurse cells travel with the oocytes, each oocyte is closely associated with their nurse cells and travel with them.

119
Q

telotropic

A

primary oocyte is developed in gerarium, its still attached to a nurse cell in the gerarium. Added nutrients provided by nurse cell. Only one nurse cell for oocyte

120
Q

terminal filament

A

All terminal filaments wrap together to stabilize the structure if multiple terminal ovarioles are present.

121
Q

accessory glands

A

stabilizes material, antibacterial properties, balance of nutrients, balance ph

122
Q

protective measures of plants

A

Resistance
-non-preference
-antibiosis
-tolerance

123
Q

Monophagous

A

feed on closely related species, least competition for food, population requires the presence of specific food to survive

124
Q

polyphagous

A

eat everything, food is abundant, competition is high

125
Q

oligophagous

A

little competition for food but population fluctuates with the abundance of food

126
Q

gall insects

A

produce their own food. Insects produce a hormone that forces the plant to develop tissue around the insect.

127
Q

challenges to feeding

A

-location of food
-cessation
-feed
-continue feeding
-termination

128
Q

Feeding behavior

A

detritivores
-carnivores
-omnivores
-phytophagous

129
Q

detritivores

A

Insects that feed on dead matter
Saprophagus
-xylophagus
-phytosaprophagous
-scatophagous
- necrophagous

130
Q

Mycetophagous

A

Living or dead fungal feeder

131
Q

parasitoid types

A

Symbiosis
-parasitism
-parasitoid

132
Q

Stages of decomposition

A

Fresh stage
Bloated stage
decay stage
post decay stage
dry stage

133
Q

Fresh stage

A

1-2 days
Bacteria increase
first colonization of flies appear

134
Q

Bloated stage

A

2-6 days
increased metabolic activity
body looks like a balloon
blow flies colonize carcass
natural community leaves area

135
Q

Decay stage

A

5-11 days
increased surface area for increased colonization
extreme maggot activity
beetles begin to inhabit carcass

136
Q

Post decay stage

A

10-25 days
dermestid and rove beetles are the main decomposer
dry skin and cartilage broken down

137
Q

Dry stage

A

25+ days
bone and hair remain
normal community returns

138
Q

insects important for succession

A

blow flies
flesh flies
house flies
cheese skippers
soldier flies
coleoptera: break down cartilage and hair
rove beetles
dermestid beetles
carrion beetles

139
Q

Importance of forensic entomology

A

legal investigation
information collect can be useful in death analysis
decomposition is required for our earth systems to continue

entomology (3 decks)

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