exam 2 Flashcards
Reproductive structures (female)
ovary
ovareole
calyx
lateral oviduct
accessory gland
vagina
common oviduct
terminal filament
Male reproductive structures
vas deferenes
seminal vesicles
accessory glands
ejaculatory duct
penis
gonopore
connective tissue sheath
testicular follicle
epitheal sheath
Testicular function
-zone of growth
-zone of maturation and reduction
-zone of transformation
-somatozoa
Oviparous
laying eggs ex.moths
ovoviparous
internal fertilization and incubation ex flies
viviparous
giving birth to live young rather than laying eggs
ex.aphids
Parthenogensis
reproducing without fertilization
haploidiploidy
sexual reproduction if they inseminate the egg
ex. tsetse fly
Arrhenmotoky
generation not fertilized is male
Thelytoky
unfertilized egg becomes female
ex. lepidoptera
Amphitoky
generation not fertilized can be male or female
PTH (Prothoraxsotropic)
formed in insects brain
moved to the corpus cadiacum (structure in insects brain)
Ecdysone
made in prothoraxic gland and secreted by prothoraxic gland
Function of PTH
binds to receptors in prothorax
stimulates them to release ecdysone
Function of Ecdysone
molting hormone, stimulates chain of events for insect to mold, turns on cell divison, turns of secretion of molting fluid
Juvenile hormones
produced in corpus allatum. Inhibits metamorphisis, keeps organisms as a juvenile.
Bursicon
hardening of the cuticle after the insect has enclosed from the old cuticle
Diapause
decrease in metabolism so insects can delay development
Facultative
due to environmental cues telling the insect its not favorable conditions
Obligatory
every insect in every generation is required to go into diapause or its unable to continue life development
Insect cuticle
protective exoskeleton
Function of insect cuticle
reduces desication and being eaten
Histology
three layers:
-basal laminal (basement membrane)
-epidermis (living layer)
-cuticle (is sclerotized)
Sclerotized
hardened
Endocuticle
digested during molting,
sclerotized very little, soft and squishy
Exocuticle
shed as the exuvia during ecdysis, shed as the insect is molting
Epicuticle
the thinnest layer,
does not have chitin does not sclerotize
Wax layer
formed by patches of lipids between the cement layer
cement layer
hard layer reduces water loss
cuticulin layer
thin layer of proteins with lipids, first layer secreted after molting
Inner epicuticle
slightly thicker than the cuticulin layer
cuticular proteins
arthopains-soluble
resilin-flexible
sclerotins-stabilized, structured proteins
Apolysis
digestion of old cuticle
Ecdysis
splitting of cuticle along ecdysial cleavage lines and emergence of insect
Insect skeleton
plates-sclerites
grooves-sutures
Internal structure of insect skeleton
ridges that muscle attach
spines-apophysis
segments-somites, metameres
Structure of nervous system
nuerons
soma
dendrites
axons
Glial cells
support and protection for the nuerons
Types of nuerons
dendrites, unipolar, bipolar, multipolar
Unipolar neurons
stimulate muscles or glands
Bipolar neurons
one axon and one dendrite extending from the soma.
ex.which receives signals from photoreceptor cells that are sensitive to light and transmits these signals to ganglion cells that carry the signal to the brain.
Multipolar neurons
multipolar neuron contains one axon and multiple dendrites.
ex.
responsible for movement in the central nervous system
nuero-ganglia and thorax ganglia
Overarching brain
encompassses thoraxic ganglion
subesophageal ganglion
respond and coordinate sense organs
-neck, salivary glands
Abdominal ganglion
sensory and motor nuerons for genitalia
Stomata gastric nervous system
frontal ganglia, hypocerebral ganglion, caudel ganglion
frontal ganglia
coordinates the mouth with the foregut, ventral visaral system, opening/close of sphericals
hypocerebral ganglion
corpus cadacum, corpus allatum
caudel ganglion
prosteriohind gut and internal reproduced organs
sensory organs
take info from the internal or external environment and move it to the peripheal nervous system to eventually get to the central or stomatic nervous system
central nervous system brains
protocerebrum
duetocerebrum
tritocerebrum
Protocerebrum
process info from the eyes
Duetocerebrum
process info from the antennae, in charge of smelling
tritocerebrum
connecting the other 2 brains to the stomatic gastric
resting potential
-70 mv
channels in the action potential
once a threshold is hit and enough sodium goes through membrane. Forces all the sodium channels to open. Cause depolarization effect, now the membrane is very positive
sensory system
-sensilla
-mechanoreceptors
-chemoreceptors
-photoreceptors
-thermoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
responding to movement
chemoreceptors
respond to smell and taste
photoreceptors
responding to electromagnetic radiation
thermoreceptors
responding to changes in temperature
sensilla transduction
sensilla has to transduce to other nervous systems
sensilla cells
receptor cells,accessory cell, proprioreceptor
Receptor cells
detect sensations and respond to stimuli
accessory cell
secretes structures
proprioreceptor
specialized receptors that respond to internal changes
components of visual system
-compound eyes
-ommatidium(grouped together)
-ocelli and stemmata
simple eyes
photoreceptor areas
ocelli
light changes
dont detect images
stimulated by light
stomata
less than 12, not all insects have
-discriminating polarized light
-can create a mosaic image
The two regions in ommatidium
dioptric apparatus
receptor apparatus
Dioptric apparatus
lense of ommatidium
-corneal pigment cells
-crystalline cone
-corneal lens
receptor apparatus
-retinular cell
-rhabdom
-basement membrane
Trichoid
sensory organ
hair sensilla
sense organ
trichogen cell
hair forming
tormogen cell
socket forming
stretch receptors
-internal
-attach to connective tissue and/or muscle
-associated with multi plural nuerons
-responding to movement of an organ getting larger(seen on gut)
gustation
taste
olfaction
smell
Basicionic
peglike w/ many pores
-used for olfaction
-on antennae + mouth part
colioconic
olfaction+gustation
plate organs
penetrated by pores
chemoreceptor
many sensilla within pit
ex. aphids and honey bees
taxis
organism is responding to the environmental stimulus
Different types of taxis
geotaxis
photo
anemo
phono
astro
intra communication
within a species
interspecifc communication
within different species
aggregation pheromones
attract both sexs
sex pheromone
produced by the gender and attract the other. Long range communication
alarm pheromone
a type of chemical insects put out to signal to the rest of the colony that there is a threat/danger
niche
where insect occurs and what is its role in food etc
resource partitioning
partitioning resources so they don’t have to compete
predator avoidance tactics
passive resistance
cryptic coloration
hide
heavy armor
reflex immobility
autonomy
toxins
reflective bleeding
aposmatic coloration
mimicry
Batesian mimicry
only model is toxic mimic is not
mullerian mimicry
both model and mimic aren’t suitable for eating, toxic
active defense
decisions that the organism is making
volatile controls
pheromones
attractions
genetic control
sterile male
microbial insecticides
bacillus thuringiensis
fungi
nematodes
Botanical control
pyrethrum
nicotine
insecticides
inorganic compounds
-arsenic
-soaps
synthetic organic compounds
ddt
pyrethoids
insect growth regulators
metamorphosis
chitin production
Medical entomology
damage/disease by insects
hematophagous
Hematophagous
feed on blood
-obligate vs faculatative
-challenges
-biting flies
ectoparasites
fleas and lice
Yellow fever
mosquito transmitted yellow fever
Malaria
229 million infected
over 400 thousand people die per year
transmitted by anopheles mosquitos
Myiasis
fly infects tissue
dead or living tissue
embryogenesis
occurs when the egg is fertilized. And there is a multiplication of cells
metamorphosis
rapid development after birth
morphogenesis
growth, molting, and maturation of an insect
hemmetebalous
incomplete metamorphosis
holometabolous
complete development
hyper metamorphosis
multiple types of larva and adults
Polyembryonie
one egg can generate multiple larva
Adult development
-pupa
-imaginal discs
In larva they will increase in number
-eclosion
The actual hatching from the egg or pupa. Whenever the insect leaves outside of the protected shell. Larva breaks out of chorion shell its called eclosion. When an adult breaks out of pupa it is also eclosion.
eclosion
the organism has to chew its way out or it can digest the case.Lepidotera release an enzyme called cacoonase that breaks down pupal case of lepidoptera.
copulation
mating
polytropic
nurse cells travel with the oocytes, each oocyte is closely associated with their nurse cells and travel with them.
telotropic
primary oocyte is developed in gerarium, its still attached to a nurse cell in the gerarium. Added nutrients provided by nurse cell. Only one nurse cell for oocyte
terminal filament
All terminal filaments wrap together to stabilize the structure if multiple terminal ovarioles are present.
accessory glands
stabilizes material, antibacterial properties, balance of nutrients, balance ph
protective measures of plants
Resistance
-non-preference
-antibiosis
-tolerance
Monophagous
feed on closely related species, least competition for food, population requires the presence of specific food to survive
polyphagous
eat everything, food is abundant, competition is high
oligophagous
little competition for food but population fluctuates with the abundance of food
gall insects
produce their own food. Insects produce a hormone that forces the plant to develop tissue around the insect.
challenges to feeding
-location of food
-cessation
-feed
-continue feeding
-termination
Feeding behavior
detritivores
-carnivores
-omnivores
-phytophagous
detritivores
Insects that feed on dead matter
Saprophagus
-xylophagus
-phytosaprophagous
-scatophagous
- necrophagous
Mycetophagous
Living or dead fungal feeder
parasitoid types
Symbiosis
-parasitism
-parasitoid
Stages of decomposition
Fresh stage
Bloated stage
decay stage
post decay stage
dry stage
Fresh stage
1-2 days
Bacteria increase
first colonization of flies appear
Bloated stage
2-6 days
increased metabolic activity
body looks like a balloon
blow flies colonize carcass
natural community leaves area
Decay stage
5-11 days
increased surface area for increased colonization
extreme maggot activity
beetles begin to inhabit carcass
Post decay stage
10-25 days
dermestid and rove beetles are the main decomposer
dry skin and cartilage broken down
Dry stage
25+ days
bone and hair remain
normal community returns
insects important for succession
blow flies
flesh flies
house flies
cheese skippers
soldier flies
coleoptera: break down cartilage and hair
rove beetles
dermestid beetles
carrion beetles
Importance of forensic entomology
legal investigation
information collect can be useful in death analysis
decomposition is required for our earth systems to continue
