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entomology > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

extinction threats

A

overkill by humans, habitat loss, exotic species, chain of extinctions, pesticides

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2
Q

Extinct insects from overkill

A

Lycaena Dispar, driven to extinction in Britain. The last known one was in 1864.

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3
Q

Extinct insects from overkill

A

Araschnia Levana, Schaus swallowtail (local extinction) endangered in Florida.

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4
Q

Extinct insects from overkill

A

Papilio homerus (swallowtail), 2010 endangered species in Jamaica or Caribbean island.

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5
Q

Extinct insects from overkill

A

Wiest’s Spinx moth was endangered in 1983. Due to habitat loss and overkill, as well as pesticides

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6
Q

Forktail Damselfly

A

-habitat destruction
- humans filling in their homes (ponds), water bodies

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7
Q

European Mantis

A

exctint

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8
Q

orthoptera

A

grasshoppers, crickets, katydids

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9
Q

Dermaptera

A

earwigs

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10
Q

Phasmida

A

walking sticks

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11
Q

Plecoptera

A

stoneflies

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12
Q

Zoraptera

A

angel insects

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13
Q

Nueroptera

A

lacewings, owlflies,

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14
Q

Hymenoptera

A

wasps, bees, ants, velvet ants, sawflies

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15
Q

Lepidoptera

A

butterflies, moths, skippers

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16
Q

Diptera

A

Flies

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17
Q

Siphonaptera

A

fleas

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18
Q

Mecoptera

A

scorpionfleas

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19
Q

Stepsiptera

A

twisted wing parasite

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20
Q

Coleoptera

A

beetles, weevils

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21
Q

Mallophaga

A

chewing or biting lice

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22
Q

Anoplura

A

sucking lice

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23
Q

Isoptera

A

termites

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24
Q

Blattodea

A

Cockroaches

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25
Q

Mantodea

A

Mantids

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26
Q

Auchenorrhyncha

A

cicadas, leaf hoppers, planthoppers

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27
Q

Sternorrhyncha

A

whiteflies, aphids, scales, pysllids

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28
Q

Coleorrhyncha

A

moss bugs, beetle bugs

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29
Q

Heteroptera

A

true flies

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30
Q

Thysanoptera

A

Thrips

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31
Q

Psocoptera

A

psocids, book lice, bark lice

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32
Q

Zoraptera

A

angel insects

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33
Q

Plecoptera

A

stone flies

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34
Q

Embiidina

A

web spinners

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35
Q

Mantophasmatodea

A

gladiators, heel walkers

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36
Q

Grylloblattaria

A

rock crawlers

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37
Q

Odonata

A

dragonflies and damselflies

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38
Q

Ephemeroptera

A

Mayflies

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39
Q

Thysanura

A

silverfish

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40
Q

Archaeognatha

A

Bristletails

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41
Q

Rhaphidophoridae

A

camel cricket

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42
Q

Gryllotalpidae(mole crickets)

A

shovel forelegs, bulkier

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43
Q

Gryllidae

A

crickets

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44
Q

Tettigoniidae (Katydid/Long-Horned Grasshoppers)

A

Long antennae, ‘roofed’ wings over abdomen, mimics leaves and vegetation

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45
Q

Acrididae (Short-horned grasshoppers)

A

Short antennae

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46
Q

Calopterygidae (Broad-Winged Damselfly)

A

no stalked wings

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47
Q

Coenagrionidae

A

Pond Damselfly/Narrow-Winged Damselfly

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48
Q

Lestidae

A

Spread-Winged Damselfly

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49
Q

Gomphidae (Clubtail Dragonfly)

A

Open anal loop (no boot), swollen final abdominal segment

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50
Q

Libellulidae (Common Skimmers)

A

Closed anal loop on hind wings (boot)

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51
Q

Aeshnidae (Darner Dragonfly)

A

Open anal loop on hind wings (no boot)

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52
Q

Suborder Zygoptera

A

Damselflies

53
Q

Suborder Anisoptera

A

Dragonflies

54
Q

what do hydrofuge structures do?

A

take oxygen from air and bring it underwater like a giant air bubble

55
Q

what is cutaneous ventilation?

A

insects that live in murky water can take in dissolved oxygen through their exoskeletons. they typically have larger surface areas for maximum oxygen intake

56
Q

what are tracheal gills?

A

gills that have extended from the trachea to be outside the insect to absorb dissolved oxygen from water. insects with these still have normal trachea in side. some gills are modified spiracles or cuticles (exoskeleton)

57
Q

what can air sacs do in flying insects?

A

can increase the tidal flow (bringing air in while pushing carbon dioxide out), they are expandible and collapsible, and they can lower specific gravity

58
Q

what characterizes atriate spiracles?

A

can close to prevent water loss, can filter out things, usually in insects that live in very hot humid environments

59
Q

what characterizes simple spiracles?

A

usually on insects that live in humid environments, no voluntary control

60
Q

what are tracheoles?

A

smaller branches off the trachea that deliver oxygen to all the living tissue and take carbon dioxide

61
Q

what are the different tracheal groups ? what are they called when connected to each other?

A

lateral longitudinal, ventral longitudinal, dorsal longitudinal. called transverse tracheal commissures

62
Q

how can wing speed be increased by insects who have asynchronous flight muscles?

A

1 neuron can control more than one muscle movement, making it easier to flap their wings faster

63
Q

what are the direct flight muscles that can control pitch?

A

basal muscle and sublare

64
Q

what can direct flight muscles do?

A

tilt wings (change their pitch)

65
Q

in most insects how do they move their wings?

A

indirect flight muscles - dorsal/ventral muscles contract when wings are up, and relaxed when wings are down. dorsal longitudinal muscles are relaxed when wings are up, and contracted when wings are down.

66
Q

what is the hypothesis that seems the most sound for insect wing evolution based on evidence?

A

skimming - insects developed wings to be able to skim water and evade predators. this allows for flight and muscle development in wings

67
Q

why have some evolutionary hypotheses of wings been disputed?

A

lack of evidence - insects dont use gills for flight, insects dont have exoskeleton attached to their legs for gliding, if color pattern and heat regulation were true, then why are there muscles in wings

68
Q

what are some hypotheses about how insect wings evolved by comparing other evolutionary histories?

A

insect gills turned into wings, insects used to glide, insects used their colored wings for communication, insects used wings for thermoregulation, insects used their wings for skimming water surfaces

69
Q

how can you tell if a wing is primitive or advanced?

A

primitive wings tend to have more cells, whereas advanced wings have less cells because evolution has made them able to make their cells stronger

70
Q

what is special about hemiptera wings?

A

they have a sclerotized portion and a membraneous portion

71
Q

what are elytra?

A

sclerotized wings that don’t really help in flying

72
Q

what are the structures in insect wings?

A

veins that carry hemolymph, and membranous cells that are transparent

73
Q

what are natatorial legs used for? what do the little hairs on these legs do?

A

swimming. the tiny hair fringes help to push water so the insect can swim

74
Q

what are saltatorial legs used for?

A

jumping

75
Q

what are raptorial legs used for?

A

grasping

76
Q

what are fossorial legs used for?

A

digging

77
Q

how do caterpillars move??

A

they have adorable true legs on their thorax that move in tripod. the crochets move involuntarily with the real legs and are located on the abdomen

78
Q

how does a fly know when you are coming at it with a fly swatter???

A

insects feel vibrations in their tempanums in their legs. then neurons send a signal from the vibration telling it there is something coming and it needs to move

79
Q

how do insects with cusorial legs walk?

A

they have a tripod style leg work

80
Q

what are cusorial legs?

A

legs only used for walking

81
Q

how do insects taste with their legs?

A

they have sensors on their feet

82
Q

what are the parts of the insect leg?

A

femur, tibia, tarsus, pretarsus

83
Q

where is the proventriculus located and what is its function in the body?

A

it is between the foregut and midgut, it is where food gets broken down physically

84
Q

what are the parts of the insect gut and what are their jobs?

A

foregut - food storage
midgut - most digestion takes place with enzymes and it has malphigian tubules for excratory function
hindgut - absorbs nutrients before making frass and removes the most water it can

85
Q

what are features of the abdomen that thoraxes don’t have?

A

tergites (dorsale plate), sternites (ventral plate), and tympenum which detects vibrations similar to human ears

86
Q

what makes the abdomen similar to the thorax?

A

abdomens are also segmented, and also have sphericals

87
Q

Characteristics of a thorax

A

3 segmented, legs in pairs on each segment, interior of thorax is muscle, wings can be on meso and/or meta thorax, and it has sphericals that are an insect’s breathing holes

88
Q

what is an order that has piercing mouth structures?

A

hemiptera

89
Q

what is an order that has mandibles and a labium for scooping?

A

hymenoptera

90
Q

what does a lapping/sponging mouth do?

A

sponging insects spit out digesting enzymes to digest their food in front of them, then lap it up. non biting flies have this

91
Q

what does a haustellate mouth look like?

A

straw mouth, some are stylet or piercing and suck up fluid

92
Q

what are mandibles used for?

A

chewing, cutting, grinding, catching prey

93
Q

what insects have the absence of mouths?

A

moths, mayflies

94
Q

what does it mean when an insect’s head is opisthorhynchous?

A

the mouthparts are behind the head, pointed backwards

95
Q

what does it mean when an insect’s head is prognathous?

A

the mouthparts are pointed foreward

96
Q

what does it mean when an insect’s head is hypognathous?

A

the mouthparts are directed downwards

97
Q

what are compound eyes?

A

eyes made up of many lenses that detect minute changes in movement and color but produce less-detailed images than human eyes do.

98
Q

What are antennae?

A

Appendages that are specialized for sensing the environment, consist of basal scape, pedicel, distal flagellum

99
Q

What is the tentorium?

A

internal head framework

100
Q

what is the general structure of lipids?

A

glylcerol, with fatty acid carbon chains attached to it that have a lot of bonds to store energy

101
Q

what essential amino acids do insects need in their diet?

A

lysine

102
Q

what hemocytes can do encapsulation (surround larger multilayered invaders) in hemocytic immunity?

A

granulocytes and plasmatocytes

103
Q

what hemocytes can form nodules to entrap bacteria in hemocytic immunity?

A

granulocytes and plasmatocytes

104
Q

what hemocytes may coagulate to plug a hole in hemocytic immunity?

A

granulocytes and oenocytoids

105
Q

what characterizes hemocytes in the hemocytic immune system?

A

constantly circulating hemolymph, on standby

106
Q

what is the function of phenyloxidases in humoral immunity?

A

generate melanin clumps around bac and protect wounding site

107
Q

what are other immunity proteins that honeybess have?

A

apidaecins and royalisin

108
Q

what are other immunity proteins that diptera have?

A

defensin, diptericin, andropin

109
Q

what can lysozymes do?what is the function of cecropins (protein) in humoral immunity?

A

lyse bac membrane in hemolymph

110
Q

what is the function of attacins protein in humoral immunity?

A

located in alimentary canal, they degrade bac that are trying to damage the insect gut?

111
Q

what is the function of cecropins (protein) in humoral immunity?

A

anti-bacterial action, lyses bac membrane and prohibits it using proline

112
Q

what is the function of lectin protein in humoral immunity?

A

it can recognize foreign things in hemolymph. then it tag foreign carbs for phagocytosis

113
Q

what makes hemocytic immunity and humoral immunity different?

A

hemocytic immunity acts immediately, whereas humoral immunity acts after infection. proteins in humoral have to be made, whereas hemocytic cells are constantly circulating, waiting for something to do

114
Q

what are the enigma hemocytes?

A

spherule cells, oenocytoids, adipohemocytes

115
Q

what hemocyte functions to tag bacteria to be broken down?

A

granulocytes

116
Q

what hemocyte functions in phagocytosis? (eating foreign things)

A

plasmacytes

117
Q

what is the type of hemocyte that acts like stem cells?

A

prohemocytes

118
Q

what are some hemocyte functions?

A

coagulate to blood clot, phagocytosis to eat foreign things in the body, and nodule formation to surround a big bac to protect

119
Q

What are hemocytes?

A

major immune cells of insects

120
Q

what is the pH of hemolymph?

A

6.4-6.8

121
Q

what are the organic products in hemolymph?

A

uric acid/ammonia, neurohormones, trehalose

122
Q

what are the functions of the proteins found in hemolymph?

A

storage, lipid transport, vitellogenin (yolk), enzymes to break stuff down, proteinase inhibitors, and immune proteins

123
Q

what are the free amino acids found in hemolymph?

A

glutamine, proline, glutamic acid

124
Q

what are the inorganic and metal components of hemolymph?

A

anions: chloride, carbonate, phosphates
cations: sodium, potassium, magnesium
metals: iron, copper, zinc, manganese

125
Q

what are other functions of hemolymph besides moving water and waste?

A

lubricate muscles, help movement through hydrolic fluid, help flies get out of their pupal case, can create bloodclots when insect is hurt

126
Q

what are the differences between glucose in humans and trehalose in insects?

A

trehalose is larger, so it has more bonds to store energy/break. insects can make 40 atp molecules per trehalose, compared to humans 32.

127
Q

what is the primary function of hemolymph?

A

moves water, salt, waste, carbs, and acid

128
Q

what is the aorta?

A

aorta spreads hemolymph to wings and body cavities

129
Q

what are ostia?

A

heart openings that take in hemolymph and push it through the other hearts to the aorta

entomology (3 decks)

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