exam 1 Flashcards
extinction threats
overkill by humans, habitat loss, exotic species, chain of extinctions, pesticides
Extinct insects from overkill
Lycaena Dispar, driven to extinction in Britain. The last known one was in 1864.
Extinct insects from overkill
Araschnia Levana, Schaus swallowtail (local extinction) endangered in Florida.
Extinct insects from overkill
Papilio homerus (swallowtail), 2010 endangered species in Jamaica or Caribbean island.
Extinct insects from overkill
Wiest’s Spinx moth was endangered in 1983. Due to habitat loss and overkill, as well as pesticides
Forktail Damselfly
-habitat destruction
- humans filling in their homes (ponds), water bodies
European Mantis
exctint
orthoptera
grasshoppers, crickets, katydids
Dermaptera
earwigs
Phasmida
walking sticks
Plecoptera
stoneflies
Zoraptera
angel insects
Nueroptera
lacewings, owlflies,
Hymenoptera
wasps, bees, ants, velvet ants, sawflies
Lepidoptera
butterflies, moths, skippers
Diptera
Flies
Siphonaptera
fleas
Mecoptera
scorpionfleas
Stepsiptera
twisted wing parasite
Coleoptera
beetles, weevils
Mallophaga
chewing or biting lice
Anoplura
sucking lice
Isoptera
termites
Blattodea
Cockroaches
Mantodea
Mantids
Auchenorrhyncha
cicadas, leaf hoppers, planthoppers
Sternorrhyncha
whiteflies, aphids, scales, pysllids
Coleorrhyncha
moss bugs, beetle bugs
Heteroptera
true flies
Thysanoptera
Thrips
Psocoptera
psocids, book lice, bark lice
Zoraptera
angel insects
Plecoptera
stone flies
Embiidina
web spinners
Mantophasmatodea
gladiators, heel walkers
Grylloblattaria
rock crawlers
Odonata
dragonflies and damselflies
Ephemeroptera
Mayflies
Thysanura
silverfish
Archaeognatha
Bristletails
Rhaphidophoridae
camel cricket
Gryllotalpidae(mole crickets)
shovel forelegs, bulkier
Gryllidae
crickets
Tettigoniidae (Katydid/Long-Horned Grasshoppers)
Long antennae, ‘roofed’ wings over abdomen, mimics leaves and vegetation
Acrididae (Short-horned grasshoppers)
Short antennae
Calopterygidae (Broad-Winged Damselfly)
no stalked wings
Coenagrionidae
Pond Damselfly/Narrow-Winged Damselfly
Lestidae
Spread-Winged Damselfly
Gomphidae (Clubtail Dragonfly)
Open anal loop (no boot), swollen final abdominal segment
Libellulidae (Common Skimmers)
Closed anal loop on hind wings (boot)
Aeshnidae (Darner Dragonfly)
Open anal loop on hind wings (no boot)
Suborder Zygoptera
Damselflies
Suborder Anisoptera
Dragonflies
what do hydrofuge structures do?
take oxygen from air and bring it underwater like a giant air bubble
what is cutaneous ventilation?
insects that live in murky water can take in dissolved oxygen through their exoskeletons. they typically have larger surface areas for maximum oxygen intake
what are tracheal gills?
gills that have extended from the trachea to be outside the insect to absorb dissolved oxygen from water. insects with these still have normal trachea in side. some gills are modified spiracles or cuticles (exoskeleton)
what can air sacs do in flying insects?
can increase the tidal flow (bringing air in while pushing carbon dioxide out), they are expandible and collapsible, and they can lower specific gravity
what characterizes atriate spiracles?
can close to prevent water loss, can filter out things, usually in insects that live in very hot humid environments
what characterizes simple spiracles?
usually on insects that live in humid environments, no voluntary control
what are tracheoles?
smaller branches off the trachea that deliver oxygen to all the living tissue and take carbon dioxide
what are the different tracheal groups ? what are they called when connected to each other?
lateral longitudinal, ventral longitudinal, dorsal longitudinal. called transverse tracheal commissures
how can wing speed be increased by insects who have asynchronous flight muscles?
1 neuron can control more than one muscle movement, making it easier to flap their wings faster
what are the direct flight muscles that can control pitch?
basal muscle and sublare
what can direct flight muscles do?
tilt wings (change their pitch)
in most insects how do they move their wings?
indirect flight muscles - dorsal/ventral muscles contract when wings are up, and relaxed when wings are down. dorsal longitudinal muscles are relaxed when wings are up, and contracted when wings are down.
what is the hypothesis that seems the most sound for insect wing evolution based on evidence?
skimming - insects developed wings to be able to skim water and evade predators. this allows for flight and muscle development in wings
why have some evolutionary hypotheses of wings been disputed?
lack of evidence - insects dont use gills for flight, insects dont have exoskeleton attached to their legs for gliding, if color pattern and heat regulation were true, then why are there muscles in wings
what are some hypotheses about how insect wings evolved by comparing other evolutionary histories?
insect gills turned into wings, insects used to glide, insects used their colored wings for communication, insects used wings for thermoregulation, insects used their wings for skimming water surfaces
how can you tell if a wing is primitive or advanced?
primitive wings tend to have more cells, whereas advanced wings have less cells because evolution has made them able to make their cells stronger
what is special about hemiptera wings?
they have a sclerotized portion and a membraneous portion
what are elytra?
sclerotized wings that don’t really help in flying
what are the structures in insect wings?
veins that carry hemolymph, and membranous cells that are transparent
what are natatorial legs used for? what do the little hairs on these legs do?
swimming. the tiny hair fringes help to push water so the insect can swim
what are saltatorial legs used for?
jumping
what are raptorial legs used for?
grasping
what are fossorial legs used for?
digging
how do caterpillars move??
they have adorable true legs on their thorax that move in tripod. the crochets move involuntarily with the real legs and are located on the abdomen
how does a fly know when you are coming at it with a fly swatter???
insects feel vibrations in their tempanums in their legs. then neurons send a signal from the vibration telling it there is something coming and it needs to move
how do insects with cusorial legs walk?
they have a tripod style leg work
what are cusorial legs?
legs only used for walking
how do insects taste with their legs?
they have sensors on their feet
what are the parts of the insect leg?
femur, tibia, tarsus, pretarsus
where is the proventriculus located and what is its function in the body?
it is between the foregut and midgut, it is where food gets broken down physically
what are the parts of the insect gut and what are their jobs?
foregut - food storage
midgut - most digestion takes place with enzymes and it has malphigian tubules for excratory function
hindgut - absorbs nutrients before making frass and removes the most water it can
what are features of the abdomen that thoraxes don’t have?
tergites (dorsale plate), sternites (ventral plate), and tympenum which detects vibrations similar to human ears
what makes the abdomen similar to the thorax?
abdomens are also segmented, and also have sphericals
Characteristics of a thorax
3 segmented, legs in pairs on each segment, interior of thorax is muscle, wings can be on meso and/or meta thorax, and it has sphericals that are an insect’s breathing holes
what is an order that has piercing mouth structures?
hemiptera
what is an order that has mandibles and a labium for scooping?
hymenoptera
what does a lapping/sponging mouth do?
sponging insects spit out digesting enzymes to digest their food in front of them, then lap it up. non biting flies have this
what does a haustellate mouth look like?
straw mouth, some are stylet or piercing and suck up fluid
what are mandibles used for?
chewing, cutting, grinding, catching prey
what insects have the absence of mouths?
moths, mayflies
what does it mean when an insect’s head is opisthorhynchous?
the mouthparts are behind the head, pointed backwards
what does it mean when an insect’s head is prognathous?
the mouthparts are pointed foreward
what does it mean when an insect’s head is hypognathous?
the mouthparts are directed downwards
what are compound eyes?
eyes made up of many lenses that detect minute changes in movement and color but produce less-detailed images than human eyes do.
What are antennae?
Appendages that are specialized for sensing the environment, consist of basal scape, pedicel, distal flagellum
What is the tentorium?
internal head framework
what is the general structure of lipids?
glylcerol, with fatty acid carbon chains attached to it that have a lot of bonds to store energy
what essential amino acids do insects need in their diet?
lysine
what hemocytes can do encapsulation (surround larger multilayered invaders) in hemocytic immunity?
granulocytes and plasmatocytes
what hemocytes can form nodules to entrap bacteria in hemocytic immunity?
granulocytes and plasmatocytes
what hemocytes may coagulate to plug a hole in hemocytic immunity?
granulocytes and oenocytoids
what characterizes hemocytes in the hemocytic immune system?
constantly circulating hemolymph, on standby
what is the function of phenyloxidases in humoral immunity?
generate melanin clumps around bac and protect wounding site
what are other immunity proteins that honeybess have?
apidaecins and royalisin
what are other immunity proteins that diptera have?
defensin, diptericin, andropin
what can lysozymes do?what is the function of cecropins (protein) in humoral immunity?
lyse bac membrane in hemolymph
what is the function of attacins protein in humoral immunity?
located in alimentary canal, they degrade bac that are trying to damage the insect gut?
what is the function of cecropins (protein) in humoral immunity?
anti-bacterial action, lyses bac membrane and prohibits it using proline
what is the function of lectin protein in humoral immunity?
it can recognize foreign things in hemolymph. then it tag foreign carbs for phagocytosis
what makes hemocytic immunity and humoral immunity different?
hemocytic immunity acts immediately, whereas humoral immunity acts after infection. proteins in humoral have to be made, whereas hemocytic cells are constantly circulating, waiting for something to do
what are the enigma hemocytes?
spherule cells, oenocytoids, adipohemocytes
what hemocyte functions to tag bacteria to be broken down?
granulocytes
what hemocyte functions in phagocytosis? (eating foreign things)
plasmacytes
what is the type of hemocyte that acts like stem cells?
prohemocytes
what are some hemocyte functions?
coagulate to blood clot, phagocytosis to eat foreign things in the body, and nodule formation to surround a big bac to protect
What are hemocytes?
major immune cells of insects
what is the pH of hemolymph?
6.4-6.8
what are the organic products in hemolymph?
uric acid/ammonia, neurohormones, trehalose
what are the functions of the proteins found in hemolymph?
storage, lipid transport, vitellogenin (yolk), enzymes to break stuff down, proteinase inhibitors, and immune proteins
what are the free amino acids found in hemolymph?
glutamine, proline, glutamic acid
what are the inorganic and metal components of hemolymph?
anions: chloride, carbonate, phosphates
cations: sodium, potassium, magnesium
metals: iron, copper, zinc, manganese
what are other functions of hemolymph besides moving water and waste?
lubricate muscles, help movement through hydrolic fluid, help flies get out of their pupal case, can create bloodclots when insect is hurt
what are the differences between glucose in humans and trehalose in insects?
trehalose is larger, so it has more bonds to store energy/break. insects can make 40 atp molecules per trehalose, compared to humans 32.
what is the primary function of hemolymph?
moves water, salt, waste, carbs, and acid
what is the aorta?
aorta spreads hemolymph to wings and body cavities
what are ostia?
heart openings that take in hemolymph and push it through the other hearts to the aorta
