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Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of epidemiology

A

Study of the distribution and determinants of states of health and illness in human population, use both as research methodology for studying states of health and illness, and as a body of knowledge that results from the study of specific states of health or illness
-The goal of preventing or limiting consequences and to maximize health status

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2
Q

Definition of epidemic

A

-outbreak that occurs when there is an increased incidence of disease beyond that of which is normally found in the population

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3
Q

Definition of rates

A

-The primary measurement used to describe either the occurrence, or the existence of a specific state of health or illness

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4
Q

What were the early discoveries and attempt at understanding the reasons for disease

A

A direct result of trial and error observations of individual people

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5
Q

Who was John Grant?

A

-wrote the bills of mortality in 1662, which was a study of patterns of disease, analyzed weekly reports of births and deaths in London
-Precursor to vital statistics

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6
Q

Who was William far?

A

-registrar General in 1839 who set up a system for consistent collection of numbers and causes of death/contributing to the understanding of distribution of illness and death

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7
Q

Who was John snow?

A

-The Broad Street pump
-British physician, who is the best known epidemiologists of the 19th century
-Through observation and population data he investigated the outbreak of cholera and where it was particularly high by two interwoven, water, mains, and I heavily sewage polluted area of the Thames river
-Findings were published on the mode of communication of Clorea (1855)

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8
Q

What is the epidemiologic triad/triangle?

A

Health status is determined by the interaction of the characteristics of the host agent and environment

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9
Q

What is the host of the epidemiologic, triad/triangle?

A

Who is health status is a concern, and what are the host factors (modifiable and nonmodifiable)

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10
Q

What is the agent of the epidemiologic logic triad?

A

Five groups physical, including heat in trauma
Chemical like pollutants medication’s or drugs
Nutritional like proteins fats C HO’s water, vitamins,
psychosocial (stress, social, isolation, social support)
Biologic like bacterial toxins, or viruses
What is interfering with normal function?

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11
Q

What is the environment aspect of the epidemic logic, triad/triangle

A

Three categories
Biologic, including plants and animals
Physical, including the structure of the environment
Social environment, including culture, technology demographics, political system, sociologic factors

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12
Q

What is the wheel of causation?

A

Emphasizes the interaction or interplay between physical biologic and social environment Demphasizing the agent as the sole cause of the disease

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13
Q

What is the web of causation?

A

-A model that strongly emphasizes multiple causations to design ways to interpret the chain of adverse events
-Direct and indirect factors can be identified example drug use

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14
Q

What is natural history of disease?

A

Integrated the pathogenesis of an illness with primary secondary and tertiary prevention measures

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15
Q

What is primary preventive?

A

To prevent on site and healthy people pre-pathogenesis

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16
Q

What is secondary preventive?

A

Signs and symptoms have developed what can be implemented during the early stages

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17
Q

What is tertiary preventive

A

-What can be implemented rehab palliation to help the person? Aggregate to function to the capacity

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18
Q

What is the application of the nursing process/problem-solving when applying epidemiological principles in nursing practice/connection

A

Focuses on individual care, corner, stone, and Nursing and the epidemiologic care of community

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19
Q

Both the individual assessment and community assessment…

A

Use the epidemiologic principles
Surveillance of behavioral risks of an individual group or community
A thorough and accurate database that provides the evidence and rational’s for interventions
-Using the assessment and data for planning on implementation of the interventions
-Promoting healthy lifestyles education

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20
Q

Applying epidemiologic principles in nursing practice/connections in preventing and controlling outbreaks

A

An example of an epidemologic process an action
-Preventing the transmission of communicable diseases cholera (bacteria) malaria from mosquito bites, influenza, which is airborne, salmonellosis (fecal, oral route, food, and water)

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21
Q

Applying epidemiologic principles in nursing practice/connection, evaluating the effectiveness of health services

A

Compare a epidemiological stats before an after a Health Service has been implemented

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22
Q

What are epidemiologic descriptive studies

A

-design to acquire more information on the occurrence/frequency and the distribution of health and health problems in the community and its magnitude
-design to acquire more information on the characteristics of persons, places and times it affects
-Designed to show how people different in terms of health

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23
Q

What have determined measurable risk factors for major illnesses?

A

-epidemiologic descriptive studies

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24
Q

How do epidemiologic descriptive studies measure risk factors for major illnesses

A

-Buy demonstrating the seriousness of the problem
-Identifying when and where it occurs
-Identify and cues/data on how the condition evolved and why it exist
-Identifies what diseases disabilities or needs they have
-What health services they need?
-Can determine who is at risk or not at risk
-Identify which people are likely to develop certain health problems

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25
Q

What does information about population at risk allow for?

A

-priorities
-Setting strategies

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26
Q

What is an epidemlogic knowledge base?

A

-A plan for control and prevention
-Look at what factors have been showing through a epidemiological research that are associated w a disease
-look at what body of epidemiological knowledge is presenting?
-how can a person be profiled at risk for a certain disease
-CVD, DM, stroke etc

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27
Q

Understanding rates

A

-Primary/basic measure of frequency (quantity) involves counting the number of affected people
-Doing so may result in misleading impressions and may be limited and it’s use

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28
Q

More valid descriptions of frequency…

A

States of health need to use ratio, proportions and rates

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29
Q

What is a proportion

A

-includes the quantity in the numerator as a part of the denominator
-160 boys in a school of 240 students
160/240= 67% boys

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30
Q

Crude rates

A

-general or summary rates that measure the occurrence of the health problem or condition being investigated in the entire population

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31
Q

Adjusted Rates

A

-statistical procedure that removes the effects of differences in the composition of the population, such as age compare one group to another/adjusting rates controls for differences

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32
Q

Incidence Rates

A

-measure of probability or occur that people without a certain condition will develop that condition over a period of time, measures the pace a new illness occurring in a disease-free population over time (one year)

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33
Q

Relative-Risk Ratio

A

-the ratio of the incidence rate in the exposed group and the incidence rate in the no exposed group

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34
Q

Prevalence rates

A

-prevalence is measured by the number of people who developed the condition in the past and duration of their illness (morbidity). Providing essential data for the implementation of preventative measure
“What is the prevalence of this public health problem in the community”

35
Q

Prevalence period

A

-measures the number of people in a given population who have a specific existing condition during an interval of time, such as a year

36
Q

What are specific rates

A

-calculated by person, place and time/ more detailed and using smaller groups provide the best description of a health condition. Divided into sub group w age variations being the variable for frequency and severity of a disease or illness

37
Q

Specific Rates

A

-calculated by person, place, and time/ more detailed and using smaller groups provide the best description of a health condition. Divided into sub-groups w age variations being the variable for frequency and severity of a disease or illness

38
Q

Mortality rates

A

-death rates crude (probability from any cause among an entire population in a designated geographic area) and cause specific (probability from a specific disease)

39
Q

Incidence Density

A

-unequal periods of observation for study subjects

40
Q

Relative risk ratio

A

Measure of the risk of developing a condition

41
Q

Sensitivity and specificity

A

-statistical measure that evaluate the validity and reliability of a Test

42
Q

Epidemiologic/ public health research

A

-purpose is to identify community/public health problems and describe natural history and etiology

43
Q

What is included in epidemiologic research

A

-experimental/intervention studies and observational studies

44
Q

What are the two observational studies

A

-descriptive
-analytical

45
Q

What descriptive studies

A

-the researcher collects information to characterize and summarize the health event or problem when little is known about the phenomenon. Providing a foundation for generating and testing a hypothesis (a proposed explanation) for further research. -Hypothesis-generating research includes case studies and cross sectional studies
-hypothesis testing includes analytic studies (testing relationships between variables)

46
Q

In analytical studies

A

-the researcher relies on comparisons between groups to determine the role of various risk factors in causing the problem

47
Q

Descriptive studies

A
  • are most frequently used in public health research and practice.Identifies the characteristics of individuals, situations or groups.characteristics of health (disease) pertaining to person, place and time.Many descriptive studies are observational and there is no intervention or treatment and analytical
48
Q

Case Studies

A

-involve an in-depth analysis of an individual, group, or social institution w the same or similar illness or injury.1980s kaposi sarcoma and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia/commonality young men having sex w other men

49
Q

Survey Research

A

-collection of data from survey and interviews

50
Q

Cross-sectional Studies

A

Examine the relationship of health-related characteristics and other variables of interest in a defined population at a particular point in time ie.) behavioral risk factor surveillance system

51
Q

Cohort studies

A

-also called prospective/longitudinal studies, which monitor subjects overtime to find associations between risk factors and health outcomes

52
Q

Case-control studies

A

-retrospectively compare subjects cases with a condition or disease, and match subjects/control without the condition/disease
-Working backward from the effect to the suspected cause

53
Q

What is the gold standard for research?

A

-Randomized control group design

54
Q

Quasi experimental study

A

They are weaker because assigned subjects into groups are not randomized

55
Q

Intervention study

A

The epidemiologic investigation designed to test a hypothesize relationship by modifying an identified factor in a population studies may be preventative and therapeutic (clinical)

56
Q

Preventative trials

A

Focus on primary prevention to reduce the incidence of disease pre-pathogenesis stage

57
Q

Therapeutic trials

A

Based on secondary prevention, focusing on limiting the spread of disease

58
Q

Health planning

A

-ongoing and episodic basis, organized and systematic process in which problems are identified, priorities selected, and objectives are set for the development of community programs based on the community health assessment and surveillance data

59
Q

Health planning depends on what factors

A

-what are the responsibilities of the agency planning the program?
-What is the nature of the health problem?
-What assessment data has been collected/what outcomes have been documented?
-Health planning occurs at several levels, global national regional state country, and local levels

60
Q

Providing health promotion and disease prevention

A

-at the population level

61
Q

Addressing social determinants of health

A

-circumstances in which people are born, grow up, live, work, age, and health systems in place

62
Q

Achieving social justice

A

-everyone had equal economic, political social rights/fairness in healthcare, housing, employment etc

63
Q

Achieving health equity

A

-everyone can attain full health potential w/o disadvantages of social position

64
Q

Health impact Assessment

A

-helps communities make informed choices on public health by community design

65
Q

Health disparities, health equity and social justice

A

Look at unequal combination of poor social policies and programs, unfair economics, and bad policies

66
Q

Community and members readiness for change and health status may come about by changes in

A

-Health behaviors, the environment, public policy and health delivery, social and cultural norms

67
Q

What is the purpose of using levers of change?

A

-The purpose of using lovers of changes to increase driving forces, and or decrease restraining forces
-Public policy, such as tax increase on tobacco alcohol or soft drinks, conserve as policy lovers to bring about change in Community health status

68
Q

Social ecological model

A

-based on general systems theory, and health promotion theory
-Multiple determinants of health interact at a different level to affect the health status of individual people, population, aggregate, or communities

69
Q

Multilevel interventions

A

-Needed to achieve change in complex community health conditions that have multiple determinants.
-Upstream look at the societal, environmental and political level
-Main stream at the population of community level
-Downstream at the individual level
-Focusing on the underlying causes of poor health, disparities, requires and upstream perspective first

70
Q

Lewins model of change

A
  • Psychologist of the 1950s envisioned a planned organizational change is a three-step process, including unfreezing, changing and freezing
71
Q

What is the force field analysis?

A

-Used to identify the force is driving a restraining a change
-What are the driving force is a restraining forces are the force is equal or not what direction are the forces… etc

72
Q

Health impact pyramid, model

A

-from bottom to top of pyramid the impact on the population increase along with the individuals effort

73
Q

Community empowerment model

A

-Utilization of a local medical community and interventions to engage low income minority neighborhoods
-educate increase Health literacy

74
Q

What is smart objectives?

A

-Smart, measurable, achievable, relevant and timely used for developing community programs

75
Q

The program must show three characteristics in order to receive funding

A

-Accountability-how the program was implemented
-Sustainability
-Replication

76
Q

Nurse manage Health Center’s or NMHC

A

-provide health, promotion, core and primary care and management of chronicity services to vulnerable and underserved population aggregates
-Yannick model of community health Services run by advanced practice. Nurse is to serve the royal, poor immigrants, farmworkers, low income, mothers, and children, inner city neighborhood, an immigrant communities.
-Services are offered in subsidize, housing, homeless, shelters correctional institute, Faith communities anywhere there is easy access to those in need

77
Q

How is culture defined as properties?

A

-Dynamic, not static
-Shared, not private
-Learned, not inherited

78
Q

Cross-cultural Nursing requires

A

-cultural competence as an attitude
-Of openness respect curiosity
-Considering cultural aspects of health, illness and treatment for each client our community as well as doing so at each stage of the nursing process

79
Q

Institutional, cultural competence

A

-Must have
-Define set of values and principles
-Must demonstrate behaviors, attitudes, policies
-Have structures that enable them to work efficient cross culturally

80
Q

Institutional, cultural competence must have the capacity to

A

-Value diversity
-Conduct self-assessment
-Manage dynamics of difference
-Acquire and institutionalized cultural knowledge
-Adapt to diversity in the cultural context of community they serve

81
Q

Cultural safety

A

-culturally appropriate health services and advocacy to Socio political marginalized groups
-Stressing dignity
-Avoiding segregation
-Avoiding assimulation
-Avoiding repressive practices

82
Q

Cultural humility includes

A

acknowledge that
-everyone’s views beliefs are culturally influenced
-your own or not inherently better than others
-Ask open, ended questions about beliefs and practices of client and family
-Allow the patient to teach us
-Ask about traditions what does the client think may have caused an illness how has the client already tried to address it

83
Q

What is ethnocentrism

A

-assumption that others believe and behave as the dominant culture does
-belief that the dominant culture is superior to others
-Assumption that everyone shares are cultural, beliefs and values, and that your culture is superior to others

84
Q

Cultural health assessment

A

-Assess the patient family community perspective/factors that are influenced by one’s culture that will impact one’s health such as
-Family structure
-Nutrition
-Healthcare interactions
-Views on illness

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