Exam 2 Flashcards
require oxygen for survival and energy metabolism
aerobes
do not require oxygen for survival and energy metabolism
anaerobes
bacteria and archaea that live in acidic environments
acidophiles
occupy the opposite end of the pH spectrum and grow best at pH 9 to pH 11
Alkaliphiles
have membranes/proteins adapted to high temperatures, typically 55°C (131°F) and higher
Thermophiles
what are the most metabolically and physiologically diverse organisms on Earth?
Bacteria
what cycle converts nitrogen into various forms?
The nitrogen cycle
what is needed by cells to make proteins and nucleic acids?
nitrogen
______ make their own carbon compounds starting with CO2
Autotrophs
_____ obtain carbon compounds from other organisms
Heterotrophs
Asexual Reproduction (no egg/sperm)
- may be symmetrical or asymmetrical
Binary Fission (one parent cell divides and forms two offspring cells)
prevent some types of bacteria from growing, favoring the growth of one specific type
Selective Media
species grow equally well but compounds in the media (agar) are metabolized differently, distinguished by color indicator
Differential media
a synthetic medium which components are limited to only the nutrients the organism needs to grow
Minimal medium
used to grow fussy/fastidious organisms that have very specific set of nutritional requirements beyond basic media
Complex medium/(En)Rich(ed) media
way of isolating colonies
dilutions of original culture are spread on agar plates
Spread Plate technique
allows for separation of colonies into pure cultures
Isolation Streaking
H. Influenzae B (HiB) is transmitted by..
direct contact or airborne route
_____ are combinations of atoms
Molecules
Major macromolecules of cells include
- Lipids
- Polysaccharides (carbs, sugars)
- Nucleic Acids
- Proteins
Lipids have
polar hydrophilic head
non-polar hydrophobic tail
Ability to do work is
Energy
States that matter and energy are neither created nor destroyed
First Law of Thermodynamics
States that, in all energy transformations, some energy becomes unavailable to do work and is lost as entropy, or disorder
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
___ is a biological catalyst
An enzyme
Which level of protein structure consists of peptide bonds?
Primary
These lower the activation energy of a reaction AND they are not consumed during the reaction
Enzymes
What will occur when a mammalian cell is placed in a HYPERTONIC environment?
the volume of the cell will shrink bc water flows out of it
DNA floats around in cytoplasm in the bacteria of what kind of cells? (No structure)
Prokaryotic Cells
these cells have a nucleus with chromosomes where DNA is stored (with structure)
Eukaryotic Cells
