Exam 1

Question 1

What does Virulence describe?

Answer 1

The level of harm caused by a pathogen following infection.
(Measured by
Lethal dose LD50
Infectious dose ID50

Question 2

Invasion

Answer 2

the entry of a pathogen into a living cell, where it then lives

Question 3

Invasiveness

Answer 3

The ability of a bacterial pathogen to spread rapidly through tissues

Question 4

Disease

Answer 4

a disruption of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ, or system that can be recognized by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs.

Question 5

Infectious Disease

Answer 5

a disease chased by a pathogen (bacterial, viral, or parasitic) that can be transferred from one host to another.

Question 6

Signs of disease (objective)

Answer 6

can be observed by examination
- fluid filled rash
- fever of 102°F

Question 7

Symptoms of disease (subjective)

Answer 7

experienced by the person
- pain
- fatigue

Question 8

Syndrome

Answer 8

collection of signs and symptoms that occur together and collectively characterize a condition

Question 9

Infection Cycle

Answer 9

the route of transmission from one person or animal to another

Question 10

Horizontal Transmission

Answer 10

occurs when the infectious agent is transferred from one person or animal to the next

Question 11

Vertical Transmission

Answer 11

occurs when the infectious agent is transferred from parent to offspring

Question 12

Reservoir

Answer 12

an animal (including humans) or an environment that normally harbors the pathogen

ex. bat, mosquito, tick

Question 13

Asymptomatic Carrier

Answer 13

harbors the potential disease agent but does not have the disease.

Question 14

Endemic

Answer 14

Disease that is always present in a community at a low rate, often in an animal reservoir

ex. Flu

Question 15

Epidemic

Answer 15

Disease in which the number of cases increases in a community in a short time

(it goes from like 100 cases to 1000 cases in a short period of time)

Question 16

Pandemic

Answer 16

disease is an epidemic that spreads WORLDWIDE

ex. covid-19, HIV

Question 17

Fecal-oral PORTAL

Answer 17

Portal is the mucosa of the GI tract.

Question 18

Skin PORTAL

Answer 18

Portal is the skin epithelium.

Question 19

Respiratory PORTAL

Answer 19

Portal is the mucosa of the respiratory tract.

Question 20

Urogenital PORTAL

Answer 20

Portal is the mucosa of the genotype and urinary tracts

Question 21

Parenteral PORTAL

Answer 21

Portal is through breaks in the skin

Question 22

Entry via the Eye PORTAL

Answer 22

Portal is conjunctiva

Question 23

Emerging disease

Answer 23

disease that recently appeared in the population

Question 24

Are viruses alive?

Answer 24

NO

Question 25

Viruses need a host cell to replicate (T or F)

Answer 25

TRUE

Question 26

What information is learned from an inoculated blood agar plate?

Answer 26

Colony characteristic and hemolysis

Question 27

What type of microscope should be used to observe the smear to look for stained cells?

Answer 27

Compound Light Microscope

Question 28

Why is Heat fixing necessary during the staining procedure?

Answer 28

To adhere the specimen to the slide to prevent washing off.

Question 29

Why is the spore stain method considered a differential stain rather than a simple stain?

Answer 29

Staining is done against a different background.

Question 30

Why isn’t it possible to diagnose all infectious diseases by growing the disease-causing agent in culture and viewing it with a light microscope?

Answer 30

Viruses are too small to see.

Question 31

Gram positive bacteria

Answer 31

Bacteria with thick peptidoglycan layer

Question 32

Gram negative bacteria

Answer 32

Bacteria with thin peptidoglycan layer

Question 33

Which type of microscopy shows a dark stained specimen against a light background?

Answer 33

Light Microscopy