Exam 2 Flashcards
Formula for cardiac output (CO)
stroke volume x HR
What is systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
- force opposing flow
- radius of small arteries & arterioles
What is harder for the heart to pump?
- constricted arteries (high systemic resistance)
Formula for BP
cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance
What helps w/ cardiac output?
RAAS & renal system
What organ is angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II in?
the lungs
Range for ELEVATED BP
systolic: 120-129
diastolic: less than 80
Range for hypertension stage 1
systolic: 130-139
diastolic: 80–89
Range for hypertension stage 2
systolic: 140 or higher
What age are men more common in to developing hypertension
under 55
What age do females become more prone to developing hypertension (b/c of low estrogen)
55 +
What risk are men more prone to?
heart attacks than strokes
Health disparities in blacks if hypertension is left untreated?
- increase in organ damage
- increase in mortality
- less responsive to ACEI
- highest prevalence worldwide
- females more than males
Health disparities in Hispanics if hypertension is left untreated?
- decreased awareness
- less likely to receive treatment
- lower rates of control
Explain Primary Hypertension
- increase in BP w/ no identifiable cause
- “essential” or “idiopathic
- 90-95% of adult cases
Explain Secondary Hypertension
- sometimes BC can cause it
- increase in BP due to specific underlying cause
- 5-10% of adult cases
- kidney disease
What occurs w/ hypertension in older adults?
- over age 55
- physiologic changes
- increased sensitivity to BP changes
- orthostatic hypotension
What are modifiable risk factors?
- alcohol
- sedentary lifestyle
- stress
- smoking
- socioeconomic status
diabetes - excessive sodium
What is not ususally in a DASH diet?
- sodium
What are some prevention strategies or how they can modify their lifestyle (secondary prevention) ?
- DASH diet: fruits, veggies, low fat dairy, meat, beans, nuts, low sodium
- weight loss
- exercise program
- low/moderate alcohol consumption
- quit smoking
- reducing stress
Patho of Primary Hypertension
- sustained increased systemic vascular (SVR)
OR - heredity
- water & sodium retention
- alerted renin-angiotensin mechanism
- stress: psychological & physiologic
- insulin resistance
- endothelial cell dysfunction
Clinical manifestations for hypertension
- usually asymptomatic
secondary symptoms include
- fatigue
- decreased activity tolerance
- dizziness
- palpitations
- dyspnea
What complications can occur in which systems for hypertension?
- cardiac
-cerebrovascular - peripheral vascular
- renal
- retinopathy
Diagnostic studies for hypertension
- history & physical
- BP
- urinalysis
- BUN & creatinine, GFR
- serum electrolytes
- serum lipid profile
-ECG
