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NUR-210 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle holds onto

A

water

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2
Q

What does the ECF (extracellular fluid) contain

A

blood vessels, skin tissues, spinal cord (CSF)

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3
Q

Which agents add energy

A

adrenergic agents

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4
Q

What do adrenergic agents do

A

add energy

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5
Q

Identify the adrenergic target organs & what the cause

A

cardiac: tachycardia
respiratory: bronchial dilation
peripheral: vasoconstriction
ocular: dilation

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6
Q

How much urine output should an average person produce per day

A

1ml per kg per hour

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7
Q

What are the functions of water

A
  • cellular metabolism
  • nutrient transportation
  • digestion of food
  • temp regulation
  • maintenance of ECF
  • acid-base balance
  • waste excretion
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8
Q

What percentage of our bodies are made of water

A

50-80%

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9
Q

Why is sleep & rest important

A

effects on physical & emotional health

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10
Q

What is the circadian rhythm

A
  • 24hr day-night cycle
  • affects other body functions
  • body temp
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11
Q

Explain Stage 1 of Sleep Cycle

A
  • light sleep
    -loss of awareness but easily aroused
  • muscle twitching
  • muscle activity slows down
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12
Q

Explain Stage 2 of Sleep Cycle

A

EVERYTHING SLOWS DOWN
- HR & RR slows
- decrease in body temp
- light sleep

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13
Q

Which stages are non rem

A

1-4

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14
Q

Explain Stage 3

A

-deep sleep begins
- vitals decrease
- slow delta waves

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15
Q

Explain Stage 4 of Sleep Cycle

A
  • very deep sleep
  • eyes move rapidly side to side
  • vivid dreaming
  • slow waves or deep sleep
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16
Q

Explain Stage 5 of Sleep Cycle

A
  • REM
  • brain waves speed up
  • breathing is rapid & shallow
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17
Q

What is considered the major sleep center

A

hypothalamus

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18
Q

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

-maintains alertness & awakeness
- sleep regulating area

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19
Q

How long does it take to get through the sleep cycle

A

90 mins

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20
Q

How many sleep cycles do you go through a night

A

4-6 cycles

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21
Q

What is insomnia

A
  • difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or unrefreshing sleep
  • daytime impairment
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22
Q

What can insomnia lead to

A
  • chronic insomnia
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23
Q

What is chronic insomnia

A
  • worry about sleep
  • have poor sleep behaviors
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24
Q

What treatments are available for insomnia

A
  • sleeping meds (Ambien)
  • hypnotic meds
  • cognitive behavioral therapy
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25
Q

What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A
  • education to change thoughts
  • decreases our time in bed
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26
Q

What does CBT do

A
  • decrease anxiety
  • decrease awake time in bed
  • create positive association between bed & sleep
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27
Q

What are some relaxation techniques

A

whitenoise, calm headspace

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28
Q

What causes sleep deprivation

A
  • chronic insomnia
  • pain
  • illness
  • disruption in schedule
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29
Q

What are consequences of sleep deprivation

A
  • weight gain
    -CV disease
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • memory issues
  • sleep walking
  • hallucinations
  • depression
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30
Q

How does someone respond to sleep deprivation

A
  • physical or physcolognical effect
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31
Q

Factors that affect sleep

A
  • drugs & substances
  • lifestyle
  • societal changes
  • stress
  • sleep environment
  • exercise
  • food intake
  • caffine
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32
Q

What kind of assessment is a sleep assessment

A

subjective assessment

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33
Q

What is the goal of a Sleep Assessment

A

understand sleep habits & any problems that are occurring

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34
Q

What are nursing interventions for sleep deprivation

A
  • environment changes (dark cold room)
  • having a bedtime routine (same time each day)
  • comfort
  • stress reduction
  • bedtime snacks (carbs help, protein does not)
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35
Q

Whats the function of water

A
  • cell metabolism
  • transportation of nutrients
  • digestion of food
  • temp regulation
  • ECF maintenance
  • acid- base balance
  • waste secretion
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36
Q

Who holds more water

A

men

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37
Q

1 liter of fluid is equivalent to

A

2.2 lbs

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38
Q

What are some things that are considered output fluids

A
  • diarrhea
  • vomit
  • sweat
  • stool
  • urine
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39
Q

What does the hypothalamus control for regulating fluid balance

A

tells you if you’re thirsty

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40
Q

What is the Nervous System responsible for

A
  • transmission of electrical & chemical impulse
  • electrical conduction
  • chemical transmission
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41
Q

What are the 3 main focuses of the ANS?

A
  • regulation of the heart
  • regulation of secretory glands
  • regulation of smooth muscles: GI tract, bronchioles, blood vessels
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42
Q

Describe the Beta 1 adrenergic agent

A
  • vasoconstricts the heart
  • increases HR & BP
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43
Q

Describe the Beta 2 adrenergic agent

A
  • vasodilates the lungs to relax the airways
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44
Q

Describe adrenergic agents in the cardiac system

A
  • we use Epinephrine to get their heart to start
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45
Q

Describe adrenergic agents in the Respiratory System

A
  • bronchodilation
  • asthma/COPD
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46
Q

Describe the adrenergic agents in the Peripheral System

A
  • vasoconstricts
  • decreases blood loss & duration of anestetics
47
Q

Describe adrenergic agents role in the Ocular System

A
  • mydriasis
  • dilate eyes for diagnostic test (glacoma)
48
Q

ADRs of adrenergic agents

A
  • nervousness
  • insomnia
  • tachycardia
  • HTN
49
Q

What do cholinergic agents do

A
  • rest & digest
  • help increase secretion, tone & stimulate bowel function
  • promote urinary function
50
Q

What do cholinergic agents do to the colon

A

stimulate peristalsis

51
Q

What do cholinergic agents do to the bladder

A

increase bladder tone

52
Q

ADRs of the cholinergic agents (parasympathetic)

A
  • diarrhea
  • excessive salivation
  • abdominal cramps
  • increased gastric secretion
  • frequent urination
  • blurred vision
  • sweating
53
Q

Side effects of anticholinergic agents

A

can’t pee, see shit or spit

54
Q

Mechanism of action for anticholinergic drugs

A
  • dilate pupils
  • decreased secretions
  • speed up HP
  • slow GI tract
55
Q

1L of fluid is how many pounds

A

2.2 pounds

56
Q

What are the 3 processes that help achieve in fluid balance

A

fluid intake, absorption & distribution

57
Q

What is distribution

A
  • movement of fluid among extracellular & intracellular components
58
Q

Fluid output occurs in which organs

A

skin, lungs, GI tract & kidneys

59
Q

Describe intracellular fluid

A

-helps nurture the cells
- makes up 75% of body fluid

60
Q

Describe extracellular fluid

A
  • transports the cells
  • makes up 25% of the body
61
Q

When is the desire for water stimulated

A
  • plasma osmolarity increases
  • blood volume decreases
  • hypothalamus is stimulated
62
Q

What does the hypothalamus do & contain

A
  • has osmosis receptors that regulate fluid balance
  • increased concentration means increased thirst
63
Q

Where does Sodium go

A

where water goes

64
Q

Describe osmosis

A
  • solution from high concentration to low concentration
65
Q

How do you lose fluid through the GI tract & kidneys

A
  • stool & urination
66
Q

How do you maintain fluid balance

A

intake vs output

67
Q

What is ADH

A
  • causes renal cells to absorb
  • decreases urine volume
  • concentrates urine
  • more is released when you are dehydrated
68
Q

What kind of hormone is ADH

A

anti pee hormone

69
Q

What does ADH help regulate

A
  • amt of water in the body
  • controls the amt of water absorbed as kidneys filter out wastes from the blood
70
Q

What is hypovolemia

A
  • also called “dehydration”
  • decreased fluid volume
71
Q

Signs & Symptoms of Hypovolemia

A
  • decreased urine output & BP
  • dry skin
  • increased HR
  • concentrated urine
72
Q

What causes hypovolemia

A
  • bleeding
  • trauma
  • diarrhea/vomiting
  • diuretics
73
Q

what is hypervolemia

A
  • fluid overload
  • acute weight gain of 5%
74
Q

What causes hypervolemia

A

-heart failure
- kidney failure
- high sodium

75
Q

Signs & symptoms of hypervolemia

A
  • increased weight & BP
  • wet lung sounds (rales?)
  • edema
76
Q

Nursing interventions of hypervolemia

A
  • low sodium diets
  • sit them up
  • check daily weights
  • diuretics
77
Q

Examples of output

A
  • diaphoresis (sweating)
  • stool
  • vomit
  • urine
  • blood loss
  • wound drainage
78
Q

Examples of intake

A
  • IV fluids
  • oral fluids
  • blood transfusions
  • irrigation
79
Q

Increased secretion of ADH does what

A

kidneys hold excess water

80
Q

Decreased secretion of ADH does what

A

kidneys can’t hold water

81
Q

ADH causes the blood vessels to

A

constrict

82
Q

What happens if ADH constricts

A
  • increases BP & blood volume
  • kidneys release LESS water
  • decreases urine secretion
83
Q

ADH is secreted by the

A

posterior pituitary gland

84
Q

Aldosterone is secreted by

A

the adrenal cortex

85
Q

Aldosterone is controlled by

A

RAAS system

86
Q

Increased secretion of Aldosterone does

A
  • sodium & water retention
  • potassium loss
87
Q

Decreased secretion of Aldosterone does

A
  • sodium & water loss
  • potassium retention
88
Q

What does a sterile field do

A

limits # of microbes & prevents infection

89
Q

Nursing considerations for sterile field

A
  • open packages AWAY from body
  • open packages on a FLAT surface
  • objects held ABOVE waist
  • sterile can only touch sterile
90
Q

Don’ts for sterile field

A
  • wet field is a contaminated field
  • NEVER turn away from the sterile field
  • avoid touching items when u can
91
Q

The neurotransmitter for the PNS is

A

acetylcholine

92
Q

The neurotransmitter for SNS is

A

epinephrine & norepinephrine

93
Q

Side effects of anticholinergics

A

-“can’t see, pee, spit, or shit”
- blurred vision
- dry mouth, no sweat
- urinary retention
- constipation

94
Q

Where is intracellular fluid located

A

fluid inside the cell

95
Q

Where is extracellular fluid located

A

fluid outside the cell

96
Q

Lab values for hypokalemia

A

less than 3.5-5.0 mEq

97
Q

Risk factors of hypokalemia

A
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • loop or thiazide diuretics
  • NPO diet
98
Q

Signs & symptoms of hypokalemia

A
  • weak muscles
  • shallow breathing
  • constipation
  • decreased reflexes
  • low BP
  • nausea
99
Q

Lab values for hyperkalemia

A

greater than 3.5- 5.0

100
Q

Signs & symptoms for hyperkalemia

A

“MURDER”
- muscle cramps & weakness
- urine abnormalities
- respiratory distress
- decreased cardiac: decreased HR & BP
- EKG changes
- reflexes (decreased)

101
Q

Risk factors for hyperkalemia

A
  • too much K+
  • tissue damage
  • adrenal gland issues
  • high levels of acid in blood (acidosis)
  • NSAIDs
102
Q

Lab values for hyponatremia

A
  • less than 135-145 mEq
103
Q

Lab values for hypernatremia

A
  • greater than 135-145 mEq
104
Q

Signs & symptoms of hyponatremia

A

“SALT LOSS”
- stupor/coma
- anorexia (nausea/vomiting)
- lethargy (weakness)
- tachycardia
- limp muscles
- orthostatic hypotension
- seizures.headaches
- stomach cramping (hyperactive bowels)

105
Q

Risk factors of hyponatremia

A

loss of soDium
- diaphoresis
- diarrhea & vomiting
- diuretics
- dilution
- drains (NGT suction)

106
Q

Risk factors of hypernatremia

A
  • increased sodium intake
  • excess admin of IV fluids w/ sodium
  • loss of fluids…..fever, burns, infection
107
Q

Signs & symptoms of hypernatremia

A

“FRIED SALT”
- flushed skin
- restlessness, anxious, confused, irritable
- increased BP & fluid retention
- edema (pitting)
- decreased urine output
- skin is dry
-agitation
- low grade fever
- thirst (dry mucous membranes)

108
Q

What is Potassium

A

major intracellular cation

109
Q

Whats the function of Potassium

A
  • transmission of nerve impulses: cardiac & skeletal
110
Q

Potassium is a carrier for

A

glucose & insulin

111
Q

Nursing interventions for hyperkalemia

A
  • monitor blood levels
  • monitor signs & symptoms
  • dialysis
  • avoid IV & oral intake
    -Lasix (causes K+ loss)
  • insulin & dextrose infusion
112
Q

Nursing interventions for hypokalemia

A
  • stop loss
  • monitor blood level, signs & symptoms
  • more fruits - dried
  • no IV push
  • oral med NEED to be taken WITH food
113
Q

Nursing interventions for hypernatremia

A
  • stop the cause
  • monitor blood level, signs & symptoms
  • replace water w/ 5% D/W until sodium returns to normal
114
Q

Nursing interventions for hyponatremia

A
  • stop the cause
  • monitor blood level, signs & symptoms
  • decrease water intake
  • replace fluids w/ sodium (oral & IV)
  • irrigate NG tube w/ NaCl

NUR-210 (5 decks)

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