Exam 2 Flashcards
describe the coronal plane
Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
describe the axial plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior sections (same as transverse)
describe the sagittal plane
Divides the body into left and right parts
Describe the transverse plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior sections (same as axial)
Describe the dorsal cavity, what does it include
Located primarily posterior on the body, it includes the cranial, and spinal cavity
Describe the ventral cavity
Located anterior (ventral) on the body. Includes the Thoracic (chest) and peritoneal cavity, which are divided by the diaphragm. The peritoneal cavity is the largest in the body and includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
Describe the ventral cavity
Located anterior (ventral) on the body. Includes the Thoracic (chest) and peritoneal cavity, which are divided by the diaphragm. The peritoneal cavity is the largest in the body and includes the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
Describe the peritoneum. What does it do? What is it divided into?
A thin sheet of tissue that lines the peritoneal cavity. It secretes serous fluid, serves a lubricant, and facilitates free movement between organs. Is divided into visceral and parietal peritoneum.
What is mesentery?
A double layer of peritoneum that attaches intraperitoneal structures to the cavity wall
What area in the body is considered retroperitoneum? List the 14 retroperitoneal structures
The posterior portion of the abdomen, behind the peritoneum
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, pancreas, aorta, inferior vena cava, adrenal glands, uterus, prostate gland, ascending colon, descending colon, somatic nerves, duodenum, and lymph nodes.
What divides the true and false pelvis?
The linea terminalis
Describe the liver’s orientation in the body
Located in the right hypochondriac region of the body. It is anterior to the pancreas, gallbladder and biliary tract
Describe the location of the Gallbladder
An intraperitoneal organ, located in the right hypochondriac region of the body, posterior to the right lobe of the liver and anterior to the portal vein, IVC and right kidney
What are the 3 parts of the Gallbladder (GB). Which part connects to the cystic duct?
Neck, (connects to the cystic duct), body, & fundus
What is the orientation of the stomach. Name the four parts of the stomach, and where they are located.
Located in the epigastric region of the body. Positioned vertically, and then horizontally. Cardia, Fundus, Body, and Pylorus.
Describe the orientation of the pancreas
A retroperitoneal organ that is horizontal and oblique in orientation. Located inferior to the liver, and posterior to the intestine
What landmarks would be useful in locating the pancreas?
It is located anterior to the portal venous system, common bile duct and IVC. It is posterior to the pylorus of the stomach, and duodenum of the intestine. Located medially to the left kidney.
Name the 3 parts of the pancreas.
head, body and tail
Describe the three vessels that unite to form the portal vein
The superior mesenteric vein, inferior mesenteric vein and splenic vein unite to form the portal vein
What is the orientation of the inferior vena cava (IVC)?
Oriented vertically in the body and ascends the retroperitoneum anterior to the spine and pierces the diaphragm to enter the right atrium of the heart
What is the origin of the Aorta?
Originates at the left ventricle of the heart, then descends though the thoracic cavity into the abdominal cavity
Label all of the 12 branches of the aorta A-L
What are the orientations of the kidneys?
They are located in the posterior portion of the body in a bilateral; vertical oblique orientation
List the 3 sections of the uterus. How is it oriented in the body?
oriented vertically, composed of the Funds, Body and Cervix
Where are the ovaries located?
Attached laterally to the uterus by fallopian tube
Describe the location of the prostate gland.
A retroperitoneal organ located posterior to the rectum and inferior to the bladder
Label the 6 posterior muscles layers.
Describe the course of blood flow for veins
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart through the IVC
Label the 5 sections of the IVC
Where is the origin of the IVC?
The L&R common iliac veins
Describe the size of the IVC, is it uniform throughout?
The IVC is 2.5-3.5cm in diameter
No, the inferior section of the IVC, or the R&L common iliac veins are only 1.6-1.8cm in diameter
What is the function of the IVC?
To carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
Describe the sonographic appearance of the IVC
It looks like a jet-black road, or longitudinal, tubular, elastic structure
Describe the sonographic appearance of the Hepatic veins draining into the IVC.
The hepatic veins look like “bunny ears” and widen in diameter as they approach the IVC
List the 9 organs that are retroperitoneal
Super renal glands
Aorta/IVC
Duodenum
Ureters
Colon (partially)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum
When using color doppler which way do the colors flow?
Blue away
Red towards
As the aorta descends it becomes more __________, therefore it is more ________ as it ascending the body.
superficial, deep.
As the IVC descends it becomes more ______, therefore it is more ____ as it ascending the body.
deep, superficial
The main portal vein is formed by the junction of the ______ veins and __________ _________ vein. This is also referred to as the ______ by Professor Case
splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein. Known as the confluence.
Which vein slides under the superior mesenteric artery?
The left renal vein
How is the aorta oriented to the IVC?
Right laterally
label the following image:
Label this footprint. What is being imaged?
Label this footprint. What is being imaged?
Label this footprint. What is being imaged?
Label this footprint. What is being imaged?
Label this footprint. What is being imaged?
_______ ______ increase in size as they drain toward the diaphragm. Where as _______ _______ decrease in size as they approach the diaphragm.
hepatic veins increase as they approach the diaphragm
portal veins decrease as they approach the diaphragm
The ______ ______ divides the left and right lobe of the liver
falciform ligament
The left hepatic artery is ______ to the IVC.
Anterior
blood vessels without white walls are typically _____. Whereas blood vessels with white walls are ______ ______.
white walls= veins
no white walls= portal veins
Label this footprint. What is being imaged?
Label this footprint. What is being imaged? What is being used
color doppler
Label this footprint. What is being imaged?
Label this footprint. What is being imaged?
The ____ _____ look like bunny ears and ____ in diameter as they approach the IVC
hepatic vein
widen
the ____ is situated to the right of the midline, whereas the ____ lies to the left of the midline
aorta = right of midline
IVC = left of midline
how can you tell the difference between the Aorta and the IVC sonographically
The IVC is more of a tear drop shape, is elastic and is located to the right of the midline.
The Aorta maintains a tube-like shape and is firm in nature, located to the left of the midline.
what are 3 normal variants of the IVC?
-Double IVC
-Left positioned IVC
-Absence of a portion of the IVC
between the IVC and Falciform Ligament you can find the ________ ______
Caudate lobe
hyper echoic means the object is _______. Hypoechoic means the object is ______, and isoechoic means the objects are the _______.
hyper- lighter
hypo- darker
iso-same
