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Geology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the age of the earth?

A

4.6 billion

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2
Q

Term used for fossils of a particular kind of organism that was distributed widely but lived for only a relatively brief period of time

A

Index fossils

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3
Q

Term used for the identification and matching of sedimentary strata and other rocks of the same age in different areas and regions

A

Correlation

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4
Q

Longest to shortest divisions of geologic time scale

A

Eon, era, period, epoch

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5
Q

The principal that states that fossil organisms changed and evolved in a definite and progressive way. Strata of specific ages can be recognized by the fossils they contain

A

The principal of fossil succession

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6
Q

Term used for an Unconformity with tilted eroded rocks below an erosion surface and horizontal rocks above the erosion surface

A

Angular unconformity

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7
Q

Name for geologic era that means “ancient life”

A

Paleozoic

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8
Q

Who made the first clear statement of the law of superposition? When

A

Nicolas Steno, 17th century

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9
Q

What percentage of geologic time is represented by the Phanerozoic

A

The most recent 12%

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10
Q

Which mass wasting process has the fastest rate of movement

A

Rock falls/ rock avalanches

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11
Q

Which form of mass wasting occurs exclusively in permafrost regions?

A

Solifluction

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12
Q

How do freezing, thawing, wetting, and drying contribute to soil creep?

A

Soil expands and contracts, lifting particles and dropping them at a slight downslope.

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13
Q

What is the drop in elevation of a streams surface divided by the distance the water flows

A

(Stream) Gradient

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14
Q

What is the product of the average flow velocity and the area of the channel cross section. (Velocity X area)

A

Discharge

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15
Q

A dam and a reservoir a reconstructed on a graded river. What will Be the result?

A

Deposition upstream

Channel down cutting

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16
Q

What effect does water have on the cohesion of clay-bearing soils and regolith

A

The soil or regolith has less internal cohesion when wet than dry, causing it to collapse

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17
Q

During wet weather or snow melting, what sometimes happens to the toe of a slump

A

It becomes an earth flow

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18
Q

Which component generally constitutes the highest percentage of a streams load

A

Suspended load

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19
Q

Where is erosion concentrated along a meandering stream

A

On the outside banks of the meanders

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20
Q

In which drainage pattern developed in areas underlain by tilted or folded strata, do tributary streams flow along outcrop areas of the softer strata

A

Trellis

21
Q

Where would a radial drainage pattern develop

A

Volcanos

22
Q

At the head of the. Delta, the major river divides into numerous smaller channels. What are they called?

A

Distributaries

23
Q

Which response best describes an aquifer

A

Permeable layer of saturated sediment or rock that contains groundwater

24
Q

What accounts for the largest use of groundwater in the United States

A

Irrigation and Agriculture

25
Q

Which term denotes the volume of voids or open spaces in a rock or unconsolidated material

A

Porosity

26
Q

What interval of the geologic time scale was the most recent ice age?

A

Pleistocene epoch

27
Q

What is the correct listing of the North American glacier stages from oldest to youngest?

A

Nebraskan, Kansan, Illinoian, Winsonsian

28
Q

Which glacier landform is likely to be evident today as a waterfall or steep rapids?

A

hanging valley

29
Q

The astronomical theory to explain the advances and retreats of the Pleistocene glaciers was proposed by whom

A

Milutin Milankovitch

30
Q

What is the name of the very large pluvial lake in Utah?

A

Lake Bonneville

31
Q

How are sand grains transported by the wind?

A

By saltation. (in the first few meters above land surface

32
Q

If the central face of a barchan dune slopes downhill to the east, what is the direction of the prevailing wind?

A

West to East

33
Q

what kind of dunes results from persistant onshore winds in vegetated costal areas?

A

parabotic dunes

34
Q

What does the angle of repose for dry sand determine?

A

The angle of a dune’s slipface

35
Q

When does a deep water wave turn into a shallow water wave?

A

only when the water depth is about half of the wavelength

36
Q

Which currents move sand and water parallel to the beach?

A

longshore currents

37
Q

Which response correctly describes water movements associated with deep-water waves in the ocean

A

water particles move in circular paths with decreasing diameters downward

38
Q

What feature would prove that a coastline is emergent

A

An elevated wave cut terrace (costal terrace)

39
Q

what are the common MANMADE coastal features?

A 
Breakwater
Jetty
Groin
Sea Wall
Canals/channels
40
Q

incoming waves slow down and rotate toward being parallel to the beachline. What term describes the process

A

refraction or wave refraction

41
Q

Water movement of a gaining stream

A

Gaining groundwater from zone of saturation

42
Q

Water movement from losing stream

A

Losing water to the zone of saturation (infiltration)

43
Q

Which term best describes the configuration of an unconfined water table around a pumping well

A

Cone of depression

44
Q

Which erosional features are produced by alpine or valley glaciation

A

Glacier troughs or U-shaped valleys

45
Q

A mass of stagnant glacier ice is buried by drift. What is formed when Ice melts

A

Kettle lake

46
Q

What landform is composed of a stream deposits that filled a former tunnel in stagnant glacier ice

A

Esker

47
Q

How do geysers erupt

A
  • Slight reduction in pressure
  • water boils
  • steam and hot water above vent
48
Q

For unconfined aquifers, what is the name of the slope of the water table

A

Hydraulic gradient

Geology (3 decks)

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