Exam 2 Flashcards
Lect 18 healthy pet nutrition
Pet Food Selection
- Is it safe?
- Is it nutritious?
- Is it appropriate for this pet?
- Safety concerns: are you confident that the manufacturer has appropriate quality and food safety procedures?
-Bacteria
-Mycotoxins
-Pesticides, herbicides
-Heavy metals
-Contaminants
- Nutritious: Are you confident that the diet is complete and balanced?
-All required nutrients present at appropriate amounts
-Nutrient levels tested in raw materials and finished products
-Digestibility testing
-Feeding trials
- Appropriate for this pet?
-Nutritional assessment including a dietary history?
-PE and other Dx to establish that the pet is healthy?
-Are there any other medical considerations?
-Purebred that may benefit from a breed diet?
-Price/value acceptable for the owner?
-Available and convenient to purchase?
WSAVA Guidelines on Selecting Pet Foods
- Do they employ a nutritionist?
- Who formulates the diet?
- What is the quality control process for ingredients and finished products?
- What kind of product research or nutrition studies have been conducted? Is it published in peer-reviewed journals?
- Does the company provide immediate contact information such as a phone number or email address?
- Who makes the food?
Other sources of recommendations
-Veterinary specialists (nutritionists)
-Breeders
-Show owners and handlers
Canine growth chart up to 55 weeks, female predicted BW <6.5 kg
Canine growth chart up to 70 weeks, female predicted BW 15-30 kg
Canine growth chart up to 60 weeks, male predicted BW <6.5-9 kg
Canine growth chart up to 75 weeks, male predicted BW 30-40 kg
Canine Growth
Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO)
“The maximum of 1.8% is applicable to formulas that may be fed to large size puppies (70lb or greater as mature adults). For life stages, including non-large size growth formulas, the maximum calcium is 2.5% FM”
Nutritional adequacy label
Indicates if manufacturers intends diet to be fed to puppies during growth
Canine Growth General Recommendation for healthy puppies
-only feed commercial diets intended for growth or all life stages
-Do not free-feed
-Offer 2-4 meals a day
-Use same kibbles to train instead of treats. Table scraps and some commercial treats are not complete balanced. Limit treats (if necessary) to 10% or less of daily Kcal requirements
-Maintain BCS 4-5 on 9 scale
-Do not give supplements: in rare cases, certain vitamins, minerals, or supplements may be indicated for medical disorders.
Size and weight influences
-Extra small: <4kg
-Small 4-10 kg
-Medium 10-25kg
-Large 25-45 kg
-Giant >45 kg
Growth diets for large-breed dogs should be considered
Feline growth chart female up to 75 weeks
Feline growth chart male up to 75 weeks
Feline Growth AAFCO has similar nutrient profiles
Feline Growth AAFCO has similar nutrient profiles
Nutritional adequacy label
Indicates if manufacturer intends diet to be fed to kittens during growth
General Recommendations for healthy kittens
-Only feed commercial diets intended for growth or all life stages
-Do not free-feed
-Offer 2-4 meals a day
-Maintain a body condition score of 5 on 9 scale
-Do not give supplements, certain vitamins, or supplements may be indicated for medical diorders
Lecture 19 Maintenance and Disease Prevention
Canine maintenance
Canine Maintenance
-Most commercial diets are suitable for adult dogs at maintenance, except for treats and diets intended for intermittent or supplemental feeding
-The main goal of healthy feeding is to avoid energy and nutrients excess: BCS 4-5/9
-Consider age, breed, sex, spay/neuter status, amount of activity/exercise, or health concerns (skin, coat, GI, etc)
Nutritional adequacy label statement indicates if manufactures intends diet to be fed to adult dogs
Canine Senior
No published guidelines
-Pet food companies can formulate and market senior diets any way they choose as long as nutrients meet adult maintenance requirements
Feline Maintenance
Nutritional adequacy label statement indicates if manufactures intends diet to be fed to adult cats
-Nutritional levels stablished by AAFCO
Feline Senior
No published guidelines
-Pet food companies can formulate and market senior diets any way they choose as long as nutrients meet adult maintenance requirements
Nutrition for Disease Prevention
-Overweight/obese dogs and cats
Overweight/Obese
Causes and Risk factors
-Overfeeding
-Lack of exercise
-Spaying/neutering
Prevention Strategies
-Feeding guidelines on pet food labels are only a starting point
-Energy requirements vary by 50%
Measure BCS monthly
Weigh pet at home monthly
-Increase activity and exercise
-Run instead of walking if safe
-Cats need environmental enrichment
-Puzzle feeding toys to slow intake
Spaying/neutering leads to weight gain
-In cats, food intake increases by 25-35% immediately after surgery
-Measure food by energy (kcal) and consider using lower-calories diets and feeding less
Developmental orthopedic diseases in dogs
Causes and Risk factors
-Overfeeding
-Switching growing pupils to adult maintenance dies “slows down growth”
-Not all adult foods are lower in calories and/or calcium than growth diets
-some adult diets will be harmful to growing puppies and may cause rather than prevent orthopedic disease
-Current commercial diets vary greatly in nutrient content and “all life stages” may be fed to puppies and adults
-Incomplete, unbalanced diets fed during growth
-Meat-only or high-meat have excess phosphorus and deficient calcium
-Inverse Ca:P ratio is detrimental to growth and can cause limb deformity and fracture
-Table scraps or excessive treats
-Raw diets vary widely in energy and nutrients
-Supplements: inappropriate calcium, vitamin D, or other vitamins/minerals and nutraceuticals
Prevention Strategies
-Feed a commercial diet formulated for large-breed puppy growth: recommended from reputable companies, maintain BCS 4-5
-Avoid adult maintenance diets: some “all life stages” are appropriate
-Avoid high energy diets
-Avoid treats more than 10% of daily kcal/kg
-Avoid meat only, high meat, and raw diets
-Avoid supplements, especially calcium
Osteoarthritis
Has been on the rise over the past 10 years
Pets 10 yr or older affected
Many causes and risk factors
-Genetics, age, etc.
Prevention Strategies
-Avoid overfeeding leading to overweight/obese dogs and cats
-Maintain a healthy BCS 4-5/9
-Moderate, regular exercise
Functional ingredients
-Glucosamine/chondroitin
-EPA+DHA (omega-3 fatty acids)
-Green-lipped mussel
-Curcumin (from turmeric)
-Antioxidants
-Can be supplemented with tablets, capsules, powders, etc. or contain in food.
Dental Disease
The most common condition seen by veterinarians
Dogs over 3 yr
Cause and Risk factors
-Age, breed, genetics, diet, lack of home care.
Prevention Strategies
-Brush teeth at home
-Veterinary diet formulated for prevention of plaque/tartar
Urolithiasis
More common in adult than older dogs/cats: occasionally seen in growing puppies and kittens
Various types of urinary tract stones
-Common: struvite and calcium oxalate
-Less common: urate
-Rare: cysteine, silica, others
Causes and Risk factors
-Age, breed, BCS (obesity), bacterial cystitis, diet, environment
Prevention Strategies
-Avoid unusual diets and any diets, treats, supplements, etc with excessive minerals.
-Ensure clean, fresh water at all times
-Previous Dx of urinary cysts/stones: consider veterinary therapeutic diet for management of struvite, calcium oxalate, urate, or cysteine.
-Manage excessive weight
-Evaluate for other cause (e.g., hypercalcemia)
Dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs
Genetic predisposition
-Doberman pinchsher
-Irish woldhound
-Great dane
-Crocker spaniel
Increases in cases in other breeds and mixed breed in past two years
-Golden and labrador retriever
-Australian shepherd
-German shepherd
-Pit bull
Prevention Strategies
-Avoid feeding or recommending diets based on marketing claims or featured ingredients
-Diets that claim to be grain free or that contain legumes may be at risk
-If a dog has been fed a suspect diet, consider taurine testing and echocardiography
-General rule is to feed a diet based on scientific nutrition and research not ingredients alone
Longevity
-Longer and healthier life-spans associated with: genetics, environment, stress, diet, delayed on onset of certain chronic diseases
-Proper nutrition and avoid overfeeding
-Ideal BCS 4-5/9 in dogs, 5/9 in cats.
Lecture 20
Reproduction, Sporting, working, Senior pets
Gestation Guidelines
Nutritional goal is to support mom and fetal development
Ideally a diet plan is formulated before estrus/planned breeding
- Gradually transition from maintenance to one intended for growth, reproduction, or all life stages.
- Food intake should be kept the same for first 6 weeks of gestation
- Increase food offered by 30-60%
Key Considerations
-Energy, sufficient kcal/day
-Protein to preserve lean body mass and support fetal growth
-Calcium and phosphorous in correct amounts and ratio
-Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (Omega-3, EPA-DHA)
-Other nutrients as appropriate for growth (using AAFCO profiles)
Canine Gestation Guidelines
Energy
-Weeks 1-6: RER * 1.5-2.0 depending on activity
-Weeks 7-9: RER * 2.0-3.5
-Avoid unnecessary weight gain - monitor BCS
Protein Deficiency
-Small litter size
-Low birth BW
-Increased morbidity/mortality of neonates
Calcium and Phosphorous
-Requirements increase in last trimester (weeks 7-9)
-Rapid skeletal growth of fetuses
-Avoid high Ca diets
-Avoid Ca/P supplementation
-Excessive Ca during gestation predisposes animals to eclampsia (Eclampsia, also referred to as hypocalcemia or puerperal tetany, is an emergency medical condition associated with a life-threatening drop in blood calcium levels that occurs in nursing mothers. Eclampsia most commonly occurs when the puppies are one to four weeks of age and the mother is producing the most milk).
Consequences of under or over feeding
Underfeeding
-Small litter size
-Low birth weight
-Increased morbidity/mortality of neonates
-Decreased fertility later
Overfeeding
-Decreased fertility
-Silent heat
-Increased inter estrous intervals, anestrus
-Small litter size?
Canine Lactation
-Similar considerations as gestation
-Food offer 3 times per day or free choice (exceptions on dogs with only 1-2 pups)
-Weight loss common in dogs with large litters
Feline Gestation & lactation
-Unlike dogs energy intake and body weight increase during gestation
**Guideline is RER * 1.6-2.0 **
-25-50 % increase over maintenance
-Nutrients similar to growth requirements: long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3, EPA+DHA)
-Less risk of Ca:P consequences compared to dogs.
Feline Lactation
Energy needs
-Increase depending on size of litter: RER 2.0-6.0 (highest at peak lactation, just before weaning)
-Feed free-choice
Protein requirements
-Similar to growth
Continue diets enriched with Omega-3 FAs EPA+DHA
-Neurologic and vision (retinal) developments affected by DHA
Weaning
-Allow access to mother’s diet at around 4 weeks of age
-If diet is dry food, then moisten with water and stir to “oatmeal” consistency: consider using canned “mousse” type diets
-Most neonates are more likely to continue nursing until 8 weeks of age
-Dogs typically reject puppies at they develop sharp teeth and become very active
Use same growth/reproductive diet than mother’s for neonates
-Consider separating pup/kittens and discourage nursing to decrease lactation
-Decrease food intake to pre-breeding amounts as soon as weaning is complete
-Avoid offering free-choice food when lactation has ended
-Cats/dogs tend to gain weight, if underweight gradually decrease but continue with >maintenance
Reproduction Summary
- Select appropriate diets
-growth, reproduction, all life stages - Recommend appropriate feeding amounts
-Avoid weight gain, and loss
-Change over time - Advise owners on proper weaning procedures
Sporting and working dogs
Goals are to provide energy and nutrients for intended activities
Avoid under and over feeding
Optimize performance
- Diet history and nutritional assessment
- Focus on type of exercise/activity
-Intense
-Duration
-Frequency
-Environment (cold, hot, swimming, etc)
Typical energy intake
-RER * 2.0-8.0 (may be higher for intense activity such as sled dogs)
Extra water
-Hydration status affects performance
Nutrients of Concern
-Dietary fat - amount and type: often increased
-Dietary carbs: sometimes decreased in higher fat diets.
-Spurs of activity require adequate carbohydrate for quick energy
-Dietary protein: requirements vary, not directly related to energy needs
Timing
-Feed 4 or more hours before activity
-Offer food within 2 hours of completion
-Is sustained, long duration exercise, consider small amounts of food or treats, snacks.
Examples
Premium performance 21/13 sprint, 26/16 exercise, 30/20 sport, 30/28 work.
Breeders/handlers, and owners may feed raw meat to working and sporting dogs.
-Can be more digestible, low fiber, less “filling”
-Food safety concern, common in sled dogs, racing Greyhounds.
Canine Senior
-Not published guidelines
-Pet food companies can formulate and market senior diets any way they choose as long as the nutrients meet adult maintenance
Feline Senior
-Not published guidelines
-Pet food companies can formulate and market senior diets any way they choose as long as the nutrients meet adult maintenance
Lecture 21 How to read a pet food label
Who is responsible for pet food labels?
FDA
-Regulates that can of cat food, bag of dog food, or box of dog treats or snacks.
-Federal Food Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) requires that all animal foods, like human foods, be safe to eat, produced under sanitary conditions, contain no harmful substances, and be truthfully labeled. Compliance with low acid canned food regulations to ensure free of viable microorganisms.
FTC
-Federal Trade Commission
-Protects consumers by stopping unfair, deceptive or fraudulent practices in the marketplace.
-Collect complaints, conduct investigations.
AAFCO
-Association of American Feed Control Officials
-Has regulatory authority
-Voluntary membership of local, state, and federal agencies charged by law to regulate the sale and distribution of animal feed and animal drug remedies
-Developing and implementing uniform and adequate laws, regulations, standards, definitions, and enforcement policies.
-Promoting uniformity among members
Each State has a Dept. of Agriculture
What needs to be on a pet food label?
Product name
-Bran name if any
-Species (intended)
-Quantity (by weight, liquid measure, or count)
Guaranteed analysis
Ingredients
Nutritional adequacy statement
Feeding directions
-Name and address of manufacturer or distributor
Calorie statement
What does AAFCO regulate?
Brand and product names
100% = all
-One ingredient only
-Can contain water, preservatives, traces
95%
-Named ingredients at least 95% of product by weight.
-Water can be included, but ingredient still needs to be >70%
25%
-Water can be included but ingredients still need to be >10%
-Named ingredients total at least 25% of product by weight, each ingredient must be at least 3%
-Must have a descriptor: dinner, entree, platter, formula, recipe
3%
-“with” rule - if more than one ingredient, and if the word “with” is used, each ingredient must be at least 3% by weight
-Named ingredients must appear in decreasing order by weight
-If “with” not used, then the first ingredient must be 25% of product by weight
Flavor
-Must be the same word as ingredient
-Source of flavor must be specified in ingredient list
Guaranteed Analysis
- Minimum percentage (by weight)
-Crude protein
-Crude fat - Maximum percentage (by weight)
-Crude fiber
-Moisture - Additional guarantees are optional
At water factors from guaranteed analyses provides a more accurate estimate of the nutrient and metabolizable energy content of commercial foods Nevertheless the actual composition of a food should be determined whenever possible
Lecture 22 Nutritional Truths
Pet Food Purchase Influencers
APOP found pet owners were influenced by different pet food marketing messages
Top marketing claims
-No by-products
-High protein
-Sourced and made in the USA
-Grain free
-No corn or soy
No by-products, Rendering Process
The most misunderstood ingredients in pet food, pet owners are mistakenly told or led to believe that by products contain hair, feather, horns, hooves, etc and are unfit for human consumption.
By products
-Portion of the carcass that are not considered “meat” or “flesh” (skeletal muscle)
-Dry diets typically use by-product meal produced by rendering
-Wet diets typically use organs, liver heart, lungs.
AAFCO definitions
-Meat: skin, fat, sinew, blood vessels, nerves.
-The quality of a by-product or by-product meal will vary depending on the suppliers and specifications
Pet Food Claims - No By-Products
-Poultry by-products: non rendered, clean parts of carcasses of slaughtered chickens, such as heads, feet viscera, free from fecal content..
-Poultry by-product meal: consists of the ground, rendered, clean parts of the carcass of slaughtered… undeveloped eggs, intestines, exclusive of feather..
-Meat by-products
-Meat meal: exclusive of added blood, hair, hoof, horn, hide trimmings, manure…
Lecture 23 Obesity
Obesity Pathophysiology
Adipose tissue components
-Fat storage (adipocytes)
-Endothelial cells
-Fibroblasts
-Macrophages
-Leukocytes
Most are pro-inflammatory, produce hormones, cytokines.
-Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
-IL-6
-IL-1Beta
-C-reactive protein
-Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
Obesity diagnosis
Various scales used
BCS 4-5 ideal dogs
BCS 5 Ideal cats
Scale 1-9
Each scale unit equivalent to 10-15% body weight over or under ideal
Body weight alone can not diagnose obesity, muscle mass important, muscle condition scoring
- Energy Restriction
- Calculate or estimate current intake
-Detailed history: including pet food, human food, treats, snacks.
-Sizes, quantities important
-May need to research products and foods on the internet or can call companies - Calculate activity level
-Sedentary
-Mildy active
-Moderate exercise
-Heavy exercise
-Can exercise be increased? environmental enrichment? special feeding bowls? - Total up all calories eaten on average day
-Multiply by 80% for new energy intake,
-90% if active or increased exercise
-If inactive or very obese, may need 50-70% - If current intake unknown
-Calculate RER using current body weight (70*BW^0.75)
(use X^y function)
Less active dogs and most cats
-RER*80% for new energy intake
Active dogs
-Use 100% RER for new energy intake
If inactive or very obese
-May need 50-70% RER
Ideal BW has no advantage over current BW for calculations. Ideal BW is an estimate, not a measurement
-No consistent recommendation for restriction when using ideal BW
-Maintenance energy requirement (MER) at ideal times 60-80%
-Introduces two variables
Lecture 24
Swine Industry
Vertical integration
Segments of Industry
-Grain
-Farms: land and buildings usually owned by farmer. Contract with companies to grow and finish animals
-Breeding stock
-Meat processing
-Distribution to consumers
Overview of Pig Nutrition
-Monogastric animals
-Genetic progress has driven changes in nutrient requirements for growing and finishing pigs
-Nutrition represents 60-75% of the total cost of pork production.
-Phase feeding used on commercial farms
Energy requirement generally met by corn
Have amino acid requirements rather than specific crude protein
-Often use supplemental fats
-Common use of some specific feed additives in feeder pigs
-Partitioning agents
Management
-Sows can produce 2.5 litters per year
-Pigs can utilize waste products from human food industry
-Require careful management
-Management of pig waste handling
Growing/Finish Operations
-Feeder (growing) pigs raised to market weight
-Possible to feed pigs on pasture or with limited facilities
-Most pigs are grown and finished in confinement systems
-Requires higher investments to purchase pigs
-Advantages: well adapted to producers who have large amounts of grain for feed, requires less labor
-Disadvantages: health problems, variation in market prices
Phase Feeding for growing-finishing pigs
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
-Multiple diets fed to growing/finishing pigs based on feed budgets or weight ranges to very closely meet nutrient requirements
Nutrient requirements decrease over the course of the growing-finishing period
-Most common: 3 or 4 phase diets
Figure
-Solid line: decreasing lysine requirement with increasing BW
-Dashed line: phase feeding
Lecture 25
Lecture 25
Energy for Pigs
Cereal grains and fats
-Corn, grain sorghum
-Wheat and barley mostly chosen based on price
Grains have a varying amino acid profile
Cereal by-products are more variable in quality
-DDGS (distillers dried grains with solubles) are less palatable, higher amounts = more negative effects on intake
-Concern over pork quality with DDGS (soft pork)
Fats are often added to diets (3-5% of dry matter as pigs reach finishing diets)
Lecture 26
