Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

Lecture 20

Answer 1

Reproduction, Sporting, working, Senior pets

Answer 2

1. Gradually transition from maintenance to one intended for growth, reproduction, or all life stages. 2. Food intake should be kept the same for first 6 weeks of gestation 3. Increase food offered by 30-60% Key Considerations -Energy, sufficient kcal/day -Protein to preserve lean body mass and support fetal growth -Calcium and phosphorous in correct amounts and ratio -Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (Omega-3, EPA-DHA) -Other nutrients as appropriate for growth (using AAFCO profiles) Canine Gestation Guidelines Energy -Weeks 1-6: RER * 1.5-2.0 depending on activity -Weeks 7-9: RER * 2.0-3.5 -Avoid unnecessary weight gain - monitor BCS Protein Deficiency -Small litter size -Low birth BW -Increased morbidity/mortality of neonates Calcium and Phosphorous -Requirements increase in last trimester (weeks 7-9) -Rapid skeletal growth of fetuses -Avoid high Ca diets -Avoid Ca/P supplementation -Excessive Ca during gestation predisposes animals to eclampsia (Eclampsia, also referred to as hypocalcemia or puerperal tetany, is an emergency medical condition associated with a life-threatening drop in blood calcium levels that occurs in nursing mothers. Eclampsia most commonly occurs when the puppies are one to four weeks of age and the mother is producing the most milk).

Answer 3

Underfeeding -Small litter size -Low birth weight -Increased morbidity/mortality of neonates -Decreased fertility later Overfeeding -Decreased fertility -Silent heat -Increased inter estrous intervals, anestrus -Small litter size?

Answer 4

-Similar considerations as gestation -Food offer 3 times per day or free choice (exceptions on dogs with only 1-2 pups) -Weight loss common in dogs with large litters

Answer 5

-Unlike dogs energy intake and body weight increase during gestation **Guideline is RER * 1.6-2.0 ** -25-50 % increase over maintenance -Nutrients similar to growth requirements: long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3, EPA+DHA) -Less risk of Ca:P consequences compared to dogs. Feline Lactation Energy needs -Increase depending on size of litter: RER 2.0-6.0 (highest at peak lactation, just before weaning) -Feed free-choice Protein requirements -Similar to growth Continue diets enriched with Omega-3 FAs EPA+DHA -Neurologic and vision (retinal) developments affected by DHA

Answer 6

-Allow access to mother's diet at around 4 weeks of age -If diet is dry food, then moisten with water and stir to "oatmeal" consistency: consider using canned "mousse" type diets -Most neonates are more likely to continue nursing until 8 weeks of age -Dogs typically reject puppies at they develop sharp teeth and become very active **Use same growth/reproductive diet than mother's for neonates** -Consider separating pup/kittens and discourage nursing to decrease lactation -Decrease food intake to pre-breeding amounts as soon as weaning is complete -Avoid offering free-choice food when lactation has ended -Cats/dogs tend to gain weight, if underweight gradually decrease but continue with >maintenance

Answer 7

1. Select appropriate diets -growth, reproduction, all life stages 2. Recommend appropriate feeding amounts -Avoid weight gain, and loss -Change over time 3. Advise owners on proper weaning procedures

Answer 8

1. Diet history and nutritional assessment 2. Focus on type of exercise/activity -Intense -Duration -Frequency -Environment (cold, hot, swimming, etc) Typical energy intake -RER * 2.0-8.0 (may be higher for intense activity such as sled dogs) Extra water -Hydration status affects performance Nutrients of Concern -Dietary fat - amount and type: often increased -Dietary carbs: sometimes decreased in higher fat diets. -Spurs of activity require adequate carbohydrate for quick energy -Dietary protein: requirements vary, not directly related to energy needs Timing -Feed 4 or more hours before activity -Offer food within 2 hours of completion -Is sustained, long duration exercise, consider small amounts of food or treats, snacks. Examples Premium performance 21/13 sprint, 26/16 exercise, 30/20 sport, 30/28 work. Breeders/handlers, and owners may feed raw meat to working and sporting dogs. -Can be more digestible, low fiber, less "filling" -Food safety concern, common in sled dogs, racing Greyhounds.

Answer 9

Feline Senior -Not published guidelines -Pet food companies can formulate and market senior diets any way they choose as long as the nutrients meet adult maintenance

Answer 10

FDA -Regulates that can of cat food, bag of dog food, or box of dog treats or snacks. -Federal Food Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) requires that all animal foods, like human foods, be safe to eat, produced under sanitary conditions, contain no harmful substances, and be truthfully labeled. Compliance with low acid canned food regulations to ensure free of viable microorganisms. FTC -Federal Trade Commission -Protects consumers by stopping unfair, deceptive or fraudulent practices in the marketplace. -Collect complaints, conduct investigations. AAFCO -Association of American Feed Control Officials -Has regulatory authority -Voluntary membership of local, state, and federal agencies charged by law to regulate the sale and distribution of animal feed and animal drug remedies -Developing and implementing uniform and adequate laws, regulations, standards, definitions, and enforcement policies. -Promoting uniformity among members Each State has a Dept. of Agriculture

Answer 11

**Product name** -Bran name if any -Species (intended) -Quantity (by weight, liquid measure, or count) **Guaranteed analysis** **Ingredients** **Nutritional adequacy statement** **Feeding directions** -Name and address of manufacturer or distributor **Calorie statement**

Answer 12

Brand and product names 100% = all -One ingredient only -Can contain water, preservatives, traces 95% -Named ingredients at least 95% of product by weight. -Water can be included, but ingredient still needs to be >70% 25% -Water can be included but ingredients still need to be >10% -Named ingredients total at least 25% of product by weight, each ingredient must be at least 3% -Must have a descriptor: dinner, entree, platter, formula, recipe 3% -"with" rule - if more than one ingredient, and if the word "with" is used, each ingredient must be at least 3% by weight -Named ingredients must appear in decreasing order by weight -If "with" not used, then the first ingredient must be 25% of product by weight Flavor -Must be the same word as ingredient -Source of flavor must be specified in ingredient list

Answer 13

1. Minimum percentage (by weight) -Crude protein -Crude fat 2. Maximum percentage (by weight) -Crude fiber -Moisture 3. Additional guarantees are optional **At water factors from guaranteed analyses provides a more accurate estimate of the nutrient and metabolizable energy content of commercial foods** Nevertheless the actual composition of a food should be determined whenever possible

Answer 14

1. List in order by weight (non-quantitative) 2. Letter all same size, style, color 3. AAFCO feed terms and definitions 4. If no AAFCO term, use common or usual name 5. Brand or trade names not allowed 6. Quality or grade references not allowed **Weight of ingredient is "as is" and includes water** -Meat, poultry, fish, and other animal-source ingredients are usually 70-80% water -Meat meal, poultry meal, fish meal, etc, are usually 10% water -If a meal is used, then product name must conform

Answer 15

1. _______ is formulated to meet the nutritional levels established by AAFCO dog or cat food nutrient profiles for -Maintenance -Growth -Gestation/lactation -All life stages **If growth or all life stages, need car size statement: "including growth of large size dogs (70 lb or more as an adult) or except for growth of large size dogs (70 lb or more as an adult)** 2. Animal feeding tests using AAFCO procedures substantiate that ______ provides complete and balanced nutrition for ______ -Maintenance -Growth -Gestation/lactation -All life stages 3. _______ provides complete and balanced nutrition for _____ and is comparable in nutritional adequacy to a product which has been substantiated using AAFCO feeding test -Growth -Gestation/lactation -All life stages 4. This product is intended for intermittent or supplemental feeding only

Answer 16

1. Formulated to meet... 2. Animal feeding tests... Maintenance (1 yr old at least) -26-week feeding trial -6 gotta finish -Physical exams, body weights, limited lab values. Growth -10-week feeding trial -At least 6 have to finish -PE, body weights, limited lab values. 3. Comparable in nutritional adequacy... -Also called family rule -Allows one lead product to be test-fed with AAFCO protocols -Similar products in the family can make the same claim

Answer 17

-Must be in common terms and measurements -Feed (weight/unit of product) per weight only of dog or cat -Frequency -Must be consistent with the intended use indicated in the nutritional adequacy statement, unless a limited use or more limited life stage designation is declared elsewhere.

Answer 18

-Metabolizable energy (ME) on an "as-fed" basis -Kcal/kg required -Common household measure: cups, cans, per treat -"Calculated" by modified atwater formula -"fed" meaning AAFCO feeding trial

Answer 19

Pet Food Purchase Influencers

Answer 20

Top marketing claims -No by-products -High protein -Sourced and made in the USA -Grain free -No corn or soy

Answer 21

A feed or feed ingredient derived solely from a plant, animal, or mined sources, either in its unprocessed state or having been subject to physical processing... but not been produced or containing any additives or chemically synthetic process.. except in amounts as might occur in good manufacturing practices -No artificial colors or preservatives: however ingredients may be artificially preserved before reaching the food manufacturer. -Companies do not have to list preservatives unless they personally add them or are in significant quantities Non natural ingredients allowed in "natural" pet food -Vitamins -Minerals -Amino acid -Trace nutrients Recommended label "Natural with added vitamins.. etc.." Consumers think that natural means -Organic, no byproducts, high protein, no additives, no preservatives.

Answer 22

-Must be produced using agricultural production practices that foster resource recycling, promote ecological balance, maintain and improve soil and water quality, minimize the use of synthetic materials, and conserve biodiversity. -Must be overseen by a USDA NOP-authorized certifying agent -Produced without excluded or prohibited methods (e.g., genetic engineering, ionizing radiation, or sewage sludge) -Produced using allowed substances. **Pet food organic regulations currently being developed. Meanwhile, must meet its human food regulations**

Answer 23

Holistic has no regulatory or legal meaning and no official definition Ex: sensitive stomach "Halo" "Holistic"

Answer 24

-FDA has been warning companies that claims must be false or misleading -Human grade, USDA certified, USDA inspected. AAFCO -This term has no definition in any animal feed regulations. -Extremely few pet food products could be considered officially human edible or human-grade (21 CFR Part 117). Human grade -A product formulated for a pet is unlikely to be nutritionally adequate for a human and vice versa.

Answer 25

-Belief that cooking destroys nutrients and enzymes -Animals eat raw food in the wild -77.4% owners said feeding raw is healthier, 71.2% said more natural, etc. BARF (Bones and Raw Food) -Muscle meat, bone, fat, organ meat, vegetables, fruits -Proposed benefits: long life, no diarrhea, no tartar buildup, lean, fit, no skin allergies. Frozen, complete, and balanced belief. Concerns -Microbial pathogens and toxins -Incomplete, unbalanced -If bones used, risk of obstruction, perforation. -Helminths, protozoan etc. **HPP: high pressure processing (freezing) does not achieve total death or sterilization of salmonella.**

Answer 26

By products -Portion of the carcass that are not considered "meat" or "flesh" (skeletal muscle) -Dry diets typically use by-product meal produced by rendering -Wet diets typically use organs, liver heart, lungs. AAFCO definitions -Meat: skin, fat, sinew, blood vessels, nerves. -The quality of a by-product or by-product meal will vary depending on the suppliers and specifications Pet Food Claims - No By-Products -Poultry by-products: non rendered, clean parts of carcasses of slaughtered chickens, such as heads, feet viscera, free from fecal content.. -Poultry by-product meal: consists of the ground, rendered, clean parts of the carcass of slaughtered... undeveloped eggs, intestines, exclusive of feather.. -Meat by-products -Meat meal: exclusive of added blood, hair, hoof, horn, hide trimmings, manure...

Answer 27

-Preservatives -Flavors -Binders -Emulsifiers -Antioxidants Reputable companies only use FDA approved ingredients Dry pet foods must have preservatives Canned foods do not need preservatives AAFCO -It is not a testing or approval agency -Claims of third-party approval should be ignored

Answer 28

-May be helpful in those animals allergic or intolerant of corn, wheat, soy, rice, barley, oats, sorghum. -No demonstrated health benefits -No research studies -Not an elimination diet: will not work if pet allergic to meat, poultry, fish, etc.

Answer 29

-Pet food quality cannot be determined by packaging, ingredient list, guaranteed analysis, AAFCO statement, or company advertising -Suggest consult with independent experts for advice on nutrition and pet foods -ACVIM-Nutrition -AAHA or WSAVA nutrition guidelines

Answer 30

Definition: Excess body weight or body fat that leads to impairment -Adverse effects on health -Effects on body function -Increased risk of disease Overweight: 10-30% > ideal BCS (6-7/9 dogs) Obese: >30% ideal BCS 8-9/9

Answer 31

Dogs -Degenerative joint disease (arthritis) -Cardiac and respiratory disease -Neoplasia -Insulin resistance -Pancreatitis -Undesirable behavior -Shortened lifespan

Answer 32

-Diabetes mellitus (insulin resistance type 2) -Degenerative joint disease (arthritis) -Hepatic lipidosis -Dermatologic disorders -Urinary tract disease/infection

Answer 33

Difficult to perform complete physical exam -Thoracic auscultation -Abdominal palpation -Orthopedic/neurologic examination Increased difficulty obtaining diagnostic tests -Venipuncture, cystocentesis, radiographs, ultrasound. Anesthesia/surgery -Increased risk of complications -Recovery and rehabilitation more difficult **Weight loss should be presented as an important treatment modality to owners of obese dogs with hip and or elbow OA and that noticeable improvement may be seen after modest weight loss...** **Overweight dogs are more likely to display undesirable behavior, study UK**

Answer 34

Adipose tissue components -Fat storage (adipocytes) -Endothelial cells -Fibroblasts -Macrophages -Leukocytes Most are pro-inflammatory, produce hormones, cytokines. -Tumor necrosis factor-alpha -IL-6 -IL-1Beta -C-reactive protein -Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

Answer 35

DJD results from chronic low-grade inflammation -Not just loading and age -Osteoarthritis, obesity and inflammation dynamics 1. Oxidative stress: contributes to insulin resistance. Factor in other diseases.

Answer 36

Various scales used BCS 4-5 ideal dogs BCS 5 Ideal cats Scale 1-9 Each scale unit equivalent to 10-15% body weight over or under ideal **Body weight alone can not diagnose obesity, muscle mass important, muscle condition scoring**

Answer 37

1. Calculate or estimate current intake -Detailed history: including pet food, human food, treats, snacks. -Sizes, quantities important -May need to research products and foods on the internet or can call companies 2. Calculate activity level -Sedentary -Mildy active -Moderate exercise -Heavy exercise -Can exercise be increased? environmental enrichment? special feeding bowls? 3. Total up all calories eaten on average day -Multiply by 80% for new energy intake, -90% if active or increased exercise -If inactive or very obese, may need 50-70% 4. If current intake unknown -Calculate RER using current body weight (70*BW^0.75) (use X^y function) Less active dogs and most cats -RER*80% for new energy intake Active dogs -Use 100% RER for new energy intake If inactive or very obese -May need 50-70% RER **Ideal BW has no advantage over current BW for calculations. Ideal BW is an estimate, not a measurement** -No consistent recommendation for restriction when using ideal BW -Maintenance energy requirement (MER) at ideal times 60-80% -Introduces two variables

Answer 38

Diet and nutrients -Is the best recommendation to feed less of the current diet? -What about feeding less and eliminating all treats? -Neither method is well accepted by pets (or owners) -Animals notice decreased food amounts, energy deficient, begging behavior, food-stealing, nutrient deficiencies -Maintenance diets are not designed to be fed at restricted level (less than RER) Weight-loss diets -Reduced energy density: less kcal/kg or kcal/cup or kcal/can -Increased fiber: adds bulk without calories -Decreased fat: fat is more energy dense than protein and carbohydrate -Expanded kibble size: air used to puff up so that it takes up more space in a measuring cup -Added water: wet diets, cans, pouches, trays **Higher protein level** : increases satiety, preserves lean body mass during weight loss, diet-induced thermic effect = more energy expended in digesting and absorbing protein compared with fat and carbohydrate Increased palatability -Counter-intuitive -Animals tend to ear more if it tastes good

Answer 39

-Is weight loss occurring as expected? -Weigh on scale every 2 weeks, no less than one month -Safe rate of weight loss: 0.5% to 2% BW per week, 2-8% per month Risks of rapid weight loss ->2%/week -Hepatic lipidosis (cats) -Slower metabolism -Loss of lean body mass -More rapid weight gain Prevention of weight regain -If plateaus before ideal weight reached, reduce amount fed -Continue weight loss diet long-term -Switch to light, reduced fat, reduced calorie, weight management, etc. -Keep up exercise -Animals tend to be more active as they lose weight -Treat arthritis or any conditions that interfere with vigorous exercise.

Answer 40

1. Feed efficiency -Lbs of feed consumed per 1 lb of BW gain 2. Efficiency of gain -Lbs of BW gain per 1 lb of feed consumed 3. ADG: average daily gain 4. DDGS: Distellers Dried Grains Solubles 5. Gilts: young female pigs approaching breeding age 6. Sow: mature female pig 7. Barrow: male pig castrated before puberty 8. Stag: male pig castrated after puberty 9. Boar: sexually mature male pig

Answer 41

Vertical integration Segments of Industry -Grain -Farms: land and buildings usually owned by farmer. Contract with companies to grow and finish animals -Breeding stock -Meat processing -Distribution to consumers

Answer 42

-Monogastric animals -Genetic progress has driven changes in nutrient requirements for growing and finishing pigs -Nutrition represents 60-75% of the total cost of pork production. -Phase feeding used on commercial farms **Energy requirement generally met by corn** **Have amino acid requirements rather than specific crude protein** -Often use supplemental fats -Common use of some specific feed additives in feeder pigs -Partitioning agents Management -Sows can produce 2.5 litters per year -Pigs can utilize waste products from human food industry -Require careful management -Management of pig waste handling

Answer 43

-Pet pigs -Purebreds: less than 1% of producers. **Produce foundation stock for commercial production** **Commercial operations** 1. Farrow to finish (all stages combined) 2. Farrow to feeder: nursery plus growing pigs 3. Feeder to finish: finishing pigs 4. Farrow to wean: nursery pigs 5. Wean to finish: combined grow/finish Can also vary by housing system 1. Pasture managed 2. Combination pasture and low-cost housing 3. High investment total confinement (CAFOs)

Answer 44

-Fiber digestibility increases as the pig matures, BUT ** need to utilize forages at early stages of maturity Perennial pasture plants used for pasture pork: -Alfalfa, red clover, white clover, timothy, kentucky bluegrass, smooth bromegrass Annual pasture plants used for pasture pork -Oats, wheat, barley, rye, soybeans Stocking rate -4-6 sows per acre -10-12 growing pigs per acre

Answer 45

Examples of CAFO -Utilizes group-housing for growing/finishing pigs and gestation/farrowing crates for sows Requirements -High level of mechanization to reduce labor requirements -High investment in buildings and equipment - uses very little land -High level of management needed -High degree of control over feeding operation -Stringent disease and parasite control program

Answer 46

1. Nurses pigs 2. Feeder pigs (growing) 3. Finishing Gilts (limit-fed to avoid rapid weight gain during gestation) Gestation sows (limit-fed to control weight gain) Lactating sows (corn, SBM diets with 2-4% for additional energy)

Answer 47

-Most common method of production -Gestation sows -Lactating sows -Early weaned pigs -Growing (feeder pigs) -Finishing pigs Investments: low pasture systems, high for confinement system facilities -Labor, management and investment requirements vary considerably

Answer 48

Phase 1 Diet -Fed to pigs weaning at 12-15 lbs BW -Weaned pigs easily digest lactose, but **limited ability to digest plant proteins and utilize fat** -Gradually increase level of SBM in nursery diets -Start at 16-18% of diet -Also include spray-dried plasma, fish mean, whey (lactose) Phase 2 Diet -Fed to pigs from 15-25 lbs BW -Based on grain and SBM -20-24% of diet -Also include fish meal, enzyme-treated SBM, less lactose from whey, can start 1-3% fat Phase 3 Diet -Fed to pigs from 25-50 lbs BW -Based on grain and SBM only, fat at 1-3% fat

Answer 49

-Producer has a herd of breeding sows -Feeder pigs sold to growers or growing/finishing operations -A high producing herd is required -Goal is to raise uniform groups of feeder pigs for sale -Health problems must be prevented or carefully treated -Farrowing needs to be schedule to have steady supply of feeder pigs for sale -Required less total feed

Answer 50

-Feeder (growing) pigs raised to market weight -Possible to feed pigs on pasture or with limited facilities -Most pigs are grown and finished in confinement systems -Requires higher investments to purchase pigs -Advantages: well adapted to producers who have large amounts of grain for feed, requires less labor -Disadvantages: health problems, variation in market prices Phase Feeding for growing-finishing pigs Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 -Multiple diets fed to growing/finishing pigs based on feed budgets or weight ranges to very closely meet nutrient requirements **Nutrient requirements decrease over the course of the growing-finishing period** -Most common: 3 or 4 phase diets Figure -Solid line: decreasing lysine requirement with increasing BW -Dashed line: phase feeding

Answer 51

Fiber -Pigs don't use fiber as a major source of energy -For high feed efficiency, don't feed high fiber feeds Energy -Feed digestible carbohydrates (corn grain) and maybe fats Protein -No specific requirement for protein, ** but rather a requirement for amino acids**

Answer 52

Fiber -Pigs don't use it as a major source of energy -For high feed efficiency, don't feed fiber Energy -Feed digestible carbohydrates (corn grain) and maybe fats Protein -No specific requirement -Rather a requirement for amino acids

Answer 53

Supplement with high quality amino acid source What is a good quality amino acid source? Soybean meal? Vitamins Minerals Water Fats, by products

Answer 54

Cereal grains and fats -Corn, grain sorghum -Wheat and barley mostly chosen based on price Grains have a varying amino acid profile Cereal by-products are more variable in quality -DDGS (distillers dried grains with solubles) are less palatable, higher amounts = more negative effects on intake -Concern over pork quality with DDGS (soft pork) Fats are often added to diets (3-5% of dry matter as pigs reach finishing diets)

Answer 55

3-5% can improve feed conversion and often ADG 1-2% fat reduces dust and improves flow of feed in equipment when mixing **Addition of fat above 5% will improve ADG but causes feed handling problems (bridging/caking)** -Antioxidants prevent rancidity with prolonged storage or high temperatures (BHT, ethoxyquin, etc.) **Pigs deposit fat with same fatty acid profile as dietary fat, so high unsaturated fat = soft pork/soft fat**

Answer 56

-Evaluate in feed so that it matches particular requirement **10 essential amino acids - these are required in the diet** **Most cereal grains are limiting in LYSINE, TRYPTOPHAN, THREONINE, METHIONINE** -Most important to evaluate protein sources for LYSINE: requirements for pigs described as SID LYSINE 5-10 kg = 1.35-1.40% 10-25 kg = 1.30% For older/heavier pigs, requirements are described as a ratio of DIS lysine:energy Sources for Pigs -Varies by feed source: by-products and heavily processed feeds are highly variable in AA availability -Crystalline/synthetic are 100% digestible -Source may be animal or plant **Soybean meal SBM approximates the AA profile of animal tissue. Can be used as a sole protein source in most diets** -Baby pig starter diets need animal protein as amino acid source (whey or blood products)** -Issues SBM digestibility immediately after weaning

Answer 57

-Plant breeders have addressed the issue of limitations of energy and LYSINE in corn/soybean based diets **High oil corn (6.5% vs 3.5%) widely available, High LYSINE corn (0.30% vs 0.26%)**

Answer 58

-Ideal particle size should be 700-800 microns -Grinding can improve feed digestibility for fibrous grains such as barley -Extremely fine particles ~460 microns: may cause increase in gastric ulcers -Dusty feeds resulting from grinding can: reduce intakes, cause bridging in feeders, increase respiratory problems, increase feed processing cost.

Answer 59

Major Ca and Phosphorous Important to have correct Ca levels: excess Ca parakeratosis, major mistakes in Ca and Phosphorous can lead to rickets and other bone disorders. Phosphorous availability is a big issue for pigs, 50-70% in plants is a form of phytate. PHYTASE Manure excretion of P is a big environmental issue Ca and P requirements -Growing pigs 25-50 kg = Ca 0.66%, Phosphorous 0.56% -Ratio should be 1.25:1 or close to 1:1 for all classes of pigs Other minerals NaCl is added to pig diets: water must be available Tracing minerals included in vitamin/mineral pre-mixes Vitamins: fat soluble A, D, E, K Water-soluble B complex vitamins ~60 day shelf life

Answer 60

Available ad libitum Pigs consume up to 10 lbs of water for every 1lb of dry feed Lactating sows need at least 5 gallons/day available to them Feed Additives Growth Promotants -Paylean (ractopamine): used in finishing diets yields 3kg of additional lean pork and improves feed efficiency by 10%. **Banned in Europe, China, Japan, Korea, most pork processors have now banned its use** -Veterinary Feed Directive (VFD): effective January 1, 2017, stricter federal rules. Regulation on how medically important antibiotics can be administered to animals in feed and drinking water. -FDA requires veterinary oversight when medically important antibiotics can be administered to food animal species - prescription required. Ensures responsible use of antibiotics in animals -Removes production uses for antibiotics (growth promotion, feed efficiency) that are medically important.

Answer 61

-Individual mineral and vitamin deficiency disease are now rare -Most nutritional problems occur when -Gross mismanagement is the preparation of pre-mixes -Prolonged storage of feed under adverse conditions -Incorrect mixing Some classic diseases can still occur -Salt poisoning (commercial and pet pigs) -Mulberry heart disease

Answer 62

Compounds produced by molds -Vomitoxin: greatest effect on growing and nursery pigs -Zearalanone: little effect on growing and finishing pigs -Feed contaminated grain to growing cattle instead -Can safely consume up to 10x amount compared to swine -Can dilute with clean grain and feed to later stage

Answer 63

-Adult pot-bellied pigs can weigh 70-150 lbs -Fresh water must always be available -Feeding: balanced diets can be purchased (starter, grower maintenance) as crumbles or pellets -Diets for commercial pig production should be avoided for pet pigs. Divide feed into at least two meals a day. **Limit feed! recommendation is to feed 2% of ideal BW** -Supplement with greens to satisfy appetite: leafy vegetables, alfalfa, green grass, fruits in limited amounts. -Feed urinary acidifiers to prevent urolithiasis

Answer 64

-Adults can weigh 50-150 lbs -Mature weight heavily depends on size of parents -Commercial starter, grower, and maintenance pelleted chow diets formulated specifically for mini-pigs: following feeding directions, generally about 2% of BW. Newborn bottle fed milk replacer and offered starter feed. -Can offer small amounts of fresh or frozen vegetables and fruit. Avoid starchy foods -Offer hay, limit treats

Answer 65

-Selective grazers -Usually met by pasturing or hay -Feed is 50-70% of production cost -Adequate rumen synthesis of vitamin A and K -Supplement vitamin E -Micronutrients I, Se, Cu, and Co are important

Answer 66

1. Total confinement -Lambs w/ ewes in pens -Weaned after 30-40 days 2. Semi-confinement -Lambs spend 30 days on pasture w/ewes -The weaned are confined 3. Range/pasture with lambing shelters -Ewes live in range/pasture -Lamb in shelters 4. Range pasture with no buildings -Ewes and lamb on range/pasture