Exam 1 Flashcards

Question

Problems with Bermuda Grass and Endophyte-infected tall fescue Which grass is associated with ileal compaction and colic?

Answer 1

Bermuda Grass -Can rapidly become fibrous and cause impaction colic. Coastal bermuda can cause ileal impactions in horses. Resulting in Strong Contractions that squeezes water content out, theory. Fescue grass -Can be endophyte-infected -Poor growth -Prolonged gestation in mares, thickened placenta, agalactia, increased foal mortality Clovers -Alsike clover: linked to developmental liver disease, neurological signs, photosensitization -Red clover: extreme slobbering produced. Slaframine toxin.

Answer 2

-Many possible causes -Sugars, fructans, and starch (soluble, non-structural carbohydrates) where they are rapidly fermented. Excessive NSC in LI -Overgrowth of bacteria that digests starch and fructans. Lactid acid produced during fermentation, acidic environment, inflammation of gut wall, diarrhea, colic. Damaged to the wall allows endotoxins of bacteria to injury the gut and absorption of toxins, endotoxins = laminitis. -NSC: non-structural carbs -WSC: water soluble carbs, oligosaccharides, some polysaccharides, frunctans and pectins -ESC: ethanol soluble carbohydrates, particularly sugars, glucose, sucrose, fructose. Value should be low Ex: WSC - ESC = rough estimate of fructans. NSC = WSC + Starch WSC = ESC + Fructans Fructans: accumulate when rate of photosynthesis exceeds use of energy in plants, such as when there is cool weather, late in the day, drought, after a frost. Typically highest levels in late spring grasses.

Answer 3

-They are oligosaccharides (short chains of fructose) -Storage carb in growing grasses -Fructans accumulate when rate of photosynthesis exceeds use of energy for growth in plants. **Cool weather, after a frost, drought, late in the day: periods of accumulation highest in grasses** -Why are fructans dangerous? not digested by mammalian enzymes, can't digest the chains in the SI and end up in the large intestine. Experimentally laminitis induced: starch 18g/kg DM , fructans 10g/kg **pasture can accumulate > 400 g fructans/kg DM** Avoiding Pasture-associated Laminitis -NSC content of hay can be reduced by ~30% by soaking in water for 30- 60 minutes -Restrict grazing, especially in spring -Supplement with hay made from mature grasses -Analyze grasses for NSC **NSC above 12% may contribute to issues** Cribbing (wind sucking, aerophagia) Predisposing factors -Stall weaning vs. pasture weaning -Stall housing following weaning -Feeding concentrates -Lack of time at pasture -Lack of straw bedding in stall Treatment -Increase dietary fiber, remove ledges, electric fece, creosote, dog collar, cribbing collar, surgery, etc. **Miracle collar used frequently** Cribbing muzzle Gastric Ulcers -Most common in performance horses -Non-glandular stratified squamous mucosa Risk factors -Intense exercise -Increased stall time -Meal feeding -Not having hay available and at libitum Treatment -Feeding alfalfa can be protective. Protein and calcium buffer gastric pH. -Feeding aloe vera, corn oil, antacids. -Roughage stimulates saliva = buffer rich in bicarbonate -Gastroguard, Ulcergard, Omeprazole -Avoid dusty, moldy hay. -Feed cubes -Soak hay: 30% reduction in sugar content, 50% reduction in potassium (also done for laminitis) -Steam, sterilized the hay Vitamin E deficiency = Equine lower motor neuron disease. Equine degenerative Myeloencephalopathy Moldy Corn -Leukoencephalomalacia -Fumonisins toxicity (mycotoxin) causes neurological signs -Liquefactive necrosis of the cerebral WM Choke -Happend with pellets more often -Food gets stuck in esophagus -Nasal discharge -Bad teeth

Answer 4

1. List sources of nutrient requirement information 2. Discuss average maintenance energy requirements and calculate increased energy requirements for lactation and work 3. Discuss the average CP% requirements for horses in various physiological states 4. Explain when it may be appropriate to supplement fat in a diet 5. Describe general guidelines for water provision 6. Explain how to safely manage/increase the diet of a starving horse 7. Discuss potential problems with geriatric horses and possible diet adjustments 8. Describe how the metabolism of horses and ponies differs 9. Describe how the diet of an obese horse should be managed and how to safely reduce feed intake in the obese horses and strategies for management 10. Discuss the causes and results of DOD and contracted tendons in growing horses 11. Discuss how diet should be managed in horses susceptible to recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis 12. List and describe examples of supplements/nutraceuticals for reproduction, hoof health, DJD, inflammation, etc.

Answer 5

1. Bomb calorimeter 2. Gross energy (GE) 3. Digestible energy (DE): accounting for fecal energy losses 4. Metabolized energy (ME): Dogs, cats, cattle (beef) accounts for gases and urinary energy losses 5. Net energy (NE): diary cattle, it accounts for the three major energy losses, including heat loss. It is the most accurate energy measurement -NEm: net energy for maintenance -NEp: net energy for production (dairy cattle, lactation, pregnancy needs)

Answer 6

-Lysine: important bc tends to be one of the most limiting in a lot of the feed, not as much as needed in most feeds. -Protein quality less critical in mature horse at maintenance: essential ammino acids. Ideal profile important for growth -Maintanence: 8% CP -Pregnant mares: 10% during last trimester -Lactating mares: 13% first 3 months, 11% 3 months to weaning -Weanlings: 14% Deficiencies Young animals: affected growth Mature animals: body condition loss, poor hoof growth and coat, won't thrive. Calcium and phosphorus requirements Maintenance: Lactation: Growth: highest Dietary fat -Endurance horses burn fat: 25-100 km over 1-2 days **Feeding trials show benefits of adding fat to diet of endurance horses** -Reduce risk of grain overload as fat replaces some of the grain Supplemental fat -Must acclimate horses to higher levels of fat -May improve coat sheen **Basal hay:grain diets are about 3% fat** -Can include up tp 10% of fat in diet -Sources: corn oil, say oil, rice bran.

Answer 7

-1000lbs horse = ~8-10 gallons per day for maintenance -Warm water in cold weather will increase intake 3x, prevents impaction. Guidelines Lactation increases need by 50-80% Exercice increases need by 20-400% Prevents impaction 1. Provide free access to palatable water. Cool water preferred except in winter 2. During exercise allow horse to drink as often as possible 3. Provide salt to encourage adequate water consumption

Answer 8

1. Managing starvation -Start on poor to moderate quality grass or oat hay to start GI tract working well again. -Introduce at 50% of maintenance (based on BW) and gradually increase to maintenance level over 10 days. -As horse starves there is less production of digestive enzymes, so don't start feeding them like a normal horse. **Reduce nutrient drains such as parasites**

Answer 9

-Grain: Add 1/4 of full amount every 2-3 days (then half), to achieve 10 day minimum -Start at 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 full -Make sure it is not more than 1lb per day of concentrate -Laminitis and colic can occur from sudden dietary changes

Answer 10

-About 70% of geriatric horses have age-associated issues -Potential problems -PPID: lose of dopamine inhibition of ACTH release -Poor dentition -Arthritis -BCS < 4: PRASCEND Dietary management = pelleted senior feeds, fat supplementation, limit grain and pasture with high fructans. Feed 2-4 times a day

Answer 11

Pony -Increased lipolysis from adipose tissue in response to decreased insulin and negative energy balance -Much more susceptible to hyperlipemia if fasted. Treatment = IV glucose and amino acids, but nutritional management is best Start about 50% of maintenance -Leads to fatty infiltration of liver, overall high TG

Answer 12

-Nutritional management is best, but insulin may help -Force feeding (if nor willing)

Answer 13

-Developmental orthopedic disease: Bone cysts, valves, various, OCD, physitis -Too much grain/energy, overfeeding -Improper amounts of minerals, calcium, phosphorus, copper, zinc. Requirements -Calcium 0.8-1.5 % -Phosphorus 0.4-0.6% -Exercise strengthens bones

Answer 14

-3 to 4 weeks to safely reduce feed/grain intake **Not below 50% of maintenance, first at current body weight, then for ideal body weight** Strategy -Feed 2% of current body weight for 2 weeks, then 1.5% of current BW for 2 weeks, then 1.5% of target body weight for 2 weeks -Feed a poor quality hay, but ration must be balanced Management -Grazing muzzle -Limit pasture access -Thyroid hormone: levothyroxine, feed 3x normal dosage. Weaned off once weight loss occurs

Answer 15

Syndrome of muscle fatigue (not on objectives)

Answer 16

1. State how much dry matter a dairy cow eats during peak lactation 2. Describe the different types of milking systems and milking parlors and advantages of each type 3. Describe the reproduction benchmarks for dairy cows and factors affecting peak milk production 4. Explain the types of dairy production systems 5. Discuss different feeding systems for confinement dairies 6. Discuss the advantages/disadvantages of feeding a TMR vs. component feeding 7. Explain the guidelines for inclusion of grain, NDF, protein, and fat in the diet of an early lactation cow 8. Explain how to body condition score a dairy cow

Answer 17

~1350 lbs **Consumes ~50 lbs DM per day (3.7% of BW) in peak lactation** -Consumes ~100 lbs of food AF/day -Peak milk production ~100-140 lbs/day -TMR: total mixed ratio, the most common way to feed cows. It can be corn silage, hay, soybean meal, other byproducts feeds, vitamins, and minerals. Mixing it well and completely is very important.

Answer 18

Portable milkers -Usually less than 20 cows Barn milking system -Used if cows are tied in a barn. One milking station per two cows. Milking Parlors 1. Herringbone: milking machines in the middle, two rows of cows on each side. Central pit for workers to be in. Setup at a slant, udders toward the pit and workers can clean udders and connect the milker 2. SwingOver: very similar to herringbone, but only one set of milkers 3. Rapid exits parallel: building can be short 4. Rotary: 5. Robotic

Answer 19

-Day 0: the day that she calfs (gives birth) -First calf heifer: usually 2 years of age -Days 0-120: Open (non-pregnant) -Days 120-400 (280 d) pregnant, lactates until day 340. Dry off for about 60 days -Dry period: 60 days -Usually removed from the herd after 3-5 lactations -Days open: time from calving until conception **Goal is to have 75% cows bred by 150 days in milk (DIM)** -Heat detection rate (HDR): main way via artificial insemination -Pregnancy rate (PR) -HDR + PR affect calving interval and days open -Calving interval ideal: ~400 days or 13.2 months -Days open: time from calving until conception. Average ~166 days. Goal is to have 75% cows bred by 150 days in milk (DIM) -Waiting period: ideal 45-60, commonly 90-100 days -AI services per conception is usually 2 Lactation Curve -Lactation ends about day 340 -Peak milk production usually between 30-150 days DIM. Affected by breed, nutrition, season of the year. -High production animals peak later in the lactation curve compared to lower-producing animals.

Answer 20

Confinement dairies -Stanchion barns -Free stall + parlor -Dry lot parlor -Compost-bedeed pack barn (since 2001, new) + parlor Pasture based systems -Intensive grazing: graze 6-7 mts/year confinement for 5-6 mts. Feed savings -Intensive grazing and seasonal breeding: challenge is variation in forage quality. When cows are in peak lactation they graze, with the goal of decreasing feed cost. -Permanent pasture and supplemental feeding: focus breeding into 2-3 so calves **Milk is highly variable due to changing forage quality**

Answer 21

-Hay and grain: concentrates (grains) should always be limited to more than 60% of the ration. Issues: consuming enough nutrients depends on the cow eating enough of both. **Hay alone does not provide adequate energy requirements, they need more** -Component feeding: corn silage, grain mix, -Total mixed ration (TMR) Component feeding -Feed and forage before grain, feed hay first -Feed forage 30 minutes - 1.5 hours before offering grain. Benefits includes buffering of the rumen before producing a lot of acid from gain mixture. -Ideally, a balance of rapidly + slowly fermentable carbohydrate sources -Ideally some protein from soybean meal or distillers grain TMR -Probably the most common -Tends to reduce sorting of feed -Cows fed TMR tend to produce more milk

Answer 22

-DMI is limiting factor: hight producing cows unable to meet energy requirements in early lactation from diet alone. Dry matter intake. -NDF no less than 30%, most should come from forage. Physically effective NDF = scratch factor ~2 inches or longer to stimulate the rumen to chew cot and produce buffer. -Protein - need rumen degradable and undegradable protein.

Answer 23

1. List and discuss the factors influencing and regulating DMI in dairy cows 2. Summarize how cows budget their time each day; discuss the significance of deviations from this normal schedule 3. Discuss the implications of competition at the feed bunk 4. List the major VFAs produced in the rumen and state how they are used in energy metabolism 5. Define subacute rumen acidosis and discuss factors that contribute to its development 6. Discuss how ambient temperature affects rumen pH 7. Define net energy 8. List the minimum requirements for ADF, NDF, forage NDF and NFC in early lactation cow rations 9. Discuss the guidelines for inclusion of fat and protein in dairy cow rations

Answer 24

-Maximize energy intake: needs for high production = 5x maintenance -Maximize dry matter -Need rapidly fermenting , but they lower pH, to protect rumen health you make sure there is enough forage in diet to provide enough buffering. -The transitioning cow is a cow that is three weeks prior to three weeks after calving. That is when she is transitioning to her milk production. Time when grain in her diet is being adjusted. -Transition needs to be slow, can risk acidosis DMI -Expressed as percentage of body weight -Beef maintenance = ~2% DMI of BW -Lactating dairy cow ~3.5-4.5% DMI -1350 lbs dairy cow at 3.7% DMI = 50 lbs DM/day -Influenced by stage of lacation, cows consume feed to meet energy needs, so intake is driven by milk production -Digestibility of fiber in diet -Environmental conditions Regulation of DMI -Rumen fill is going to regulate water intake, DMI, different in different classes of animals -Affected by level of production -Affected by energy content of the feed, highly digestible = high energy = intake increases due to palatability **DMI (%BW) = 120/NDF**

Answer 25

-3-5 hours eating per day, 9-14 meals. -48,080 chews (10% of energy use) -30 minutes drinking -At least 7-10 hours ruminating -Needs at least 10 hours of lying/resting -2-3 hours milking How do the top 10% of the heard differ? 14.1 hrs resting -Amount of resting time is greater than the average -Laying down reduces time on their feet, and helps increase blood flow to the udder, also ruminating more which contributes to eating more. -Most cows are laying down and standing more than 60 times per day -They might now like the surface of the ground, may be uncomfortable and lay in the alley. Competition at the feed bunk -Space should allow 70% of cows to eat at one time -18-30 inches -For every additional 1 lb of DM eaten, 2.5-3 lbs of milk more produced.

Answer 26

-Energy sources -Protein -Minerals, Ca, P, Mg especially -Fiber and length (~2inches) to stimulate rumination. -Water -Vitamins Energy sources for dairy cows -Forages - structural carbohydrates (SC) - cell walls. Lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins. -Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) -Non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) includes NSC + more of the soluble fiber sources Energy metabolism Rumen production of VFAs -Acetate: 65% -Propionate goes up if there is more grain in the diet 25% -Butyrate 10% **Ruminants constant production of glucose, constant gluconeognenesis** **Other between meals liver release and store glucose, gluconeogenesis between meals** -Propionate is the main glucose precursor -Acetate mainly coming from structural carbohydrates **main procursor for fat (adipose and milk)** Flow of dietary Energy NEm: net energy for maintenance NEL: net energy for lactation Rumen Health -Need 15-20% of forage -Provides effective NDF (eNDF) needed 22% at least Early lactating cows -NDF from forage 20-24% (DM basis) -ADF 18% -NFC 37-42% Dry cows -NDF 35% -ADF 28% -NDF from forage 25% -NFC 20-30% Subacute Rumen Acidosis (SARA) -Insufficient eNDF reduces salivary production of buffer = lower pH -Transition cows at high risk -High grain diets lead to excessive VFAs production, can exceed the absorptive ability of the rumen papillae, lowering pH. -Normal rumen pH fluctuates 0.5-1 pH units within a 24 hr period -If below 5.5 pH, DMI will decrease - protective mechanism -Very low rumen pH can lead to damage of rumen wall, bacteria enter blood. Ambient temperature and rumen pH -Dairy cattle can't dissipate heal efficiently -Lots of human fermentation produces a lot of heat -High temp = high stress -Reduced intake, panting, drooling Protein Metabolism SIP: means readily available nitrogen for microbes (urea is a source) DIP: can be 60-65% of total protein intake DIP/RDP: contains true proteins = more slowly digested in rumen/available to microbes over longer time period [UIP/RDP]/by-pass protein: can be 35-40% **Must carefully balance dietary CHO and RDP because microbial protein synthesis requires energy** COWS UTILIZE MICROBIAL PROTEIN for about 50% of PROTEIN REQUIREMENT -CP 16-18% dairy -CP 12% dry cows Fat in Dairy Rations -If NFC (non fiber carbs) is high, substitute corn for fat ok -Based om 3% rations -Maximun fat in ration is 7% -Fat in rumen is undegredable, so reduces available CHO for microbial protein synthesis

Answer 27

-Amino acid balance: Lysine and methionine limiting most feeds -Soybean meal, dried brewers grain, blood or fish meal may provide extra lysine and methionine -Rumen-protected AA may be fed -Molasses will be rapidly fermented in rumen Issues in protein - environmental -Exceeding the protein requirement for any animal, the nitrogen will be excreted into the environment. It is a waste of money and bad for the environment. **12-18% protein, nitrogen excretion increases from 99-228 g/day** **Need to match carbohydrate and protein fermentation to maximize N utilization by bacteria**

Answer 28

Metabolic alkalosis and acidosis physiology. **Metabolic alkalosis Potassium can get exchange in cells for hydrogens High dietary potassium we can have an issue with inducing metabolic alkalosis. Potassium added into plasma, decrease hydrogen in cells = increased hydroxyl ions to maintain electroneutrality. Metabolic alkalosis affects thyroid hormone receptor and alters homeostasis, calcium and vitamin D homeostasis disturbed.

Answer 29

-Calves are taken aways from the cow right away -They have a very naive immune system -Born into a contaminated environment: important to keep them as clean as possible ***Get colostrum into them asap** -Thermoregulartion difficult -They are at risk for Hypoglycemia/starvation. They are born without much fat and muscle tone is minimal. They can't do much to generate body heal Control of disease -Adequate colostrum -Clean environment -Protection against rapid heat loss -Caretakers should have clean hands Immediate care -Dry the calf -Dip navel in iodine solution -Separate calf from cow (dairy) -Hand-feed high quality colostrum -Beef are moved to nursing pasture **Ideal to give colostrum within 6 hours from birth** -Milk the cow for colostrum within 4 hours -Ability to absorb immunoglobulins begins to fall immediately after birth -By 6 hours after birth, absorption ability has decreased by 30% -By 8 hours, reduced absorption by 50% -By 24 hours reduced absorption is reduced nearly completely -Milk or milk replaces until about 6 weeks of age -Weaning onto solid food

Answer 30

-Only the first one is the highest quality -After the first milking the milk is called "transitional" into regular milk -Colostrum is double the DM content of milk (including protein) -Antibody-rich: IgG - the largest antibody component in cow milk, very important in prevention of septicemia. IgA, IgM, IgG. Measure antibodies -Colostrometer -Adequate of IgG leven in colostrum is 20-100 mg/ml -Needs at least 50 mg/ml or higher to be considered high quality -Measure specific gravity Colostrum -Failure of passive transfer -Total plasma protein levels test (refractometer or IgG Assay) should be 5.5 g/dl or greater. Colostrum feeding to calves -Hand feed dairy calves 1. Feed full amount by esophageal feeder ASAP 2. Feed full amount within first 6 hours 3. Feed half to 2/3 amount within first two hours and remained non later than 13 hours.

Answer 31

-Amount depends on breed and genetics -50-100 lbs, feed 3 quarts -<50 lbs, feed 2 quarts ->100 lbs feed 4 quarts **Serum IgG critical level >0.8 g/dl ** Risk factors for newborns -Cow leaking colostrum -First time heifer calf, less quality colostrum -Rearing in groups of 7 or more -Premature birth

Answer 32

-Depends on adequate nutrition -Heifers produce less volume with lower IgG concentrations than cows -High volume does not always equal high quality colostrum -Usually true that high quality colostrum is thick and creamy -High producing cows tend to produce dilute colostrum: the volume is very high so the IgG levels are being diluted **Need >60 g/l or 0.6 g/dl concentration to be sufficient antibody within constraints of normal intake for calf Colostrum Substitutes -Frozen -Commercial products **Must be from BLV-negative and Johne's negative cows** **Replacers, NOT supplements**

Answer 33

-Beef cattle are NOT "factories" (dairy) but "scavengers" bc they are out in the pasture all the time. Their nutrition comes from the pasture primarily

Answer 34

1. Cow-calf operations: heifers and bulls born (castrated to steers), heifers are kept for replacement cows, usually. Bull calves sold at weaning -Large : 200 or more -Medium: 50 to 199 -Small: 1-49 2. Background and stocker operations: weened calves kept on dry-lots and fed roughage and grain -Stocker: weaned calves that are grazing with some grain supplementation. **Goal is the same, we want to grow to a weight to enter a feedlot** 3. Finishing operations: grow to a finish weight for slaughter. High grain diet. Feedlots. **There is still a lot of beef cattle small (>100 cows) operations** -Most have a permanent herd of cows -May or may not have a bull -Using land suitable for pasture and hay, main source of nutrition -About 2/3 of calves sold at weaning, "feeder calves" they can go to an auction or specialized sells.

Answer 35

-Large operations tend to utilize more technology -Palpation and semen evaluation are two of the most utilized reproductive technologies. -Embryo transferred is the least used

Answer 36

1. Maintain reproductive efficiency 2. Minimize morbidity and mortality 3. Keep cows cheaply over the winter Average weights -Mature angus cow 1000-1300 lbs -Newborn calves 65-100 lbs -Weaning weight (6mts) 500 lbs (can vary depending on age, some people wean at different ages, early = less weight ~430-450 lbs; later weaning 600-700 lbs -Stocker cattle: weaning weight controls range 400-700 lbs -Finished weight: 1000-1300 lbs -Dressing (Hot carcass weight divided by the live weight) percentage 59-64% average 63% Production Goals -Calving interval every 365 days -Percentage cows in heat by 60 days post calving = 80% -Calf weaning weight should be 45-50% of cow's weight -Length of breeding season (cows need to be pregnant within 80 days post calving to maintain a yearly calving interval) is about 65 days for cows, 42 for heifers. Three chances to become pregnant during those 65 days = 21 days estrus cycle -Pregnancy rate 90-95% for cows, 90% for heifers **Average age at weaning = 180 days**

Answer 37

-Goal: 700-800 lbs -Overcome weaning stress and grow -Add frame/lean tissue not fat. Support skeletal growth **Most buyers purchase weaned calves in uniform groups of 40 or more* -Uniformity allows to feed at same rate and treat with vaccines/feeding -Grain to supplement may be needed or even forage during drought

Answer 38

-NEg: net energy for weight gain = net energy for maintenance + and net energy for production (growth) -CP (crude protein) coming in from feed. Two types, degradable intake protein and degradable protein protein. UIP goes to small intestine (small portion that scapes digestion by microbes and digested in small intestine as is). DIP is available to microbes and converted into ammonia. Ammonia that is produce need to be utilized quickly within the rumen, microbes use nitrogen, but if it builds up we risk ammonia toxicity, liver can't detoxify so much and urea builds up. Microbes need energy for them to utilize the ammonia. -Energy + DIP = MCP (microbial crude protein) you make more microbes and the protein becomes available to the animal -UIP + MCP = MP (metabolizable protein) will be digested in the small intestine. -Metabolizable protein requirement = UIP + MCP Mineral Requirements -Calcium (grains are low in calcium, forages are high in calcium) -Phosphorous -Ca:P can be important in steer bc of development of urinary calculi. Typically on a higher grain diet (>phosphorous) -Magnesium (low in spring grass, concern for grass tetany) -Salt -Potassium -Sulfur particularly needed when urea is added - toxicity is concern Trace minerals -Should always be supplemented -May need to add VitB for stressed calves, can help Environmental adjustment -Thermoneutral zone: area where the animal doesn't need to spend much energy in maintaining normal body temperature **32-77F** -BCS, coat (dry or wet, muddy) factors that affect thermoneutral zone -Below LCT = cold stress -Above UCT = heat stress

Answer 39

Effective temperature -Important consideration when determining energy needs -Needs to be adjusted when a lot of moisture, wind LCT -Cold stress increases energy requirements -Increase about 1% per degree F below LCT -As always do not want to make quick and drastic diet changes, slow and carefully increase feed and grain together. BCS -Affects reproductive performance and particularly the interval between calving to first heat. Shorter intervals to first heat cycle with higher BCS -Cows with lower BCS = lower colostrum quality, calves will have lower IgG. -Ruminant animals have huge GI tract, huge fluctuation in rumen or gut fill/gut fill. **Can not depend on body weight to tell you much, could change 50lbs due to rumen fill** -Really high and really low BCS impede reproduction <5, >7. -First time heifer should be at 6 -Cows that are above a BCS of 5 with reproductive issue things to consider are possible vitamin/mineral deficiency.

Answer 40

-Target weight concept: 65% of mature weight at breeding and 85% of mature weight by the time they have their first calf. -Feeding a heifer is probably the second most expensive aspect of cow-calf operations. -Ex 1100 lb mature should weigh 715 lb at breeding -Heifers should be fed separately from mature cows. -11% CP and 36-42 Mcal NEg should be sufficient

Answer 41

-Preconditioning: management method to prepare them for the auction -Weaning very stressful, vaccination, transportation, change in diet. Don't want to do at the same time. -Castration of all males, vaccination. Feed bunk acclimated and weaned 30-45 days before sold. Things to do before they are sold -Preconditioned -Quality assured (injection sites), all shots in front of shoulder to minimize muscle site blemishes -Individual ID -Source verified -Age verified

Answer 42

-ADG (average daily gain) 0.5 lbs/day -ADG 2-3lbs per day = grain mix at 1-2.5lbs/d (25-40% CP, ionophores, vitamins, minerals) -Usually need to supplement protein for growing cattle (particularly UIP) -12-16% CP (8% maintenance for microbes only) -Supplement feed CP -Urea does ok if feeding high energy diet but not high forage diets Urea + high energy diet works well because plenty of energy for the microbes to utilize nitrogen. -High forage (digested slowly) does not equal high energy. High forage + high energy would not be able to quickly utilize nitrogen in urea. Risking ammonia toxicity Feedlot cattle -Transition from pasture to high grain diet (acidosis and bloat risk, laminitis, liver abscesses) -Slowly diet change weeks of transition, final ration 80%, so from 40 to 80 -CP 9-14% needs -Need to supplement Ca, not phosphorous bc grain has it. -Need forage in diet for proper rumen function -Grain source depends on the location of the feedlot, corn (West), sorghum. -Need to maintain DMI or sign that something is wrong during transition. -Feedbunk and MONITOR FEED INTAKE: very important -Fed ad libitum: little feed is left over, ensures that the cattle are eating all they can (minimize waste), don't want too much left (indicates problems)

Answer 43

Grass tetany -Low magnesium in grass, spring grass, which are high in potassium = overall Mg deficiency in grass, C/S muscle twitching, incoordination, trashing, eventually death. Tx: IV magnesium Nitrate poisoning -Nitrates are reduced to ammonia in the rumen. As they are converted in the rumen get nitrates as intermediate, nitrite leads to methemoglobin (can't carry oxygen) formation. High nitrates after pasture is fertilized or if you have water/weeds high in nitrates. C/S muscle tremors, tissue hypoxia and death. Mycotoxins -Corn feed or silage concern bc mold. Calves are more sensitive than adult cattle. Urinary Calculi -Grains bc they are high in phosphorus, steers sensitive Sulfur toxicity -Issue with distillers grains highly variable sulfur content. Sulfur is typically high when they come from ethanol plants. Risk factor for polioencephalomalacia. C/S milk fat depression, low rumen pH, sub-acute rumen acidosis (SARA). -0.7% - 1.7% sulfur in distillers grains, requirement is only 0.18-0.24% -Sulfur in rumen reduced to sulfide, and hydrogen gas accumulates, which starts to interfere with cellular metabolism, particularly the CNS is affected and blindness, recumbency, seizures, takes weeks to develop (polioencephalomalcia). Also develops when high intake of feed with thiaminases in plants or they can be produced by rumen microbes. Grain overload/acidosis Bloat (frothy and free grass)

Answer 44

Growth Implants -Hormonal: estrogenic group, androgenic group. They can be used at any stage of growth. They can increase the average ADG by 15-20% . Implanted into the ear. -MGA (melengestrol acetate): progesterone analog given to heifers to suppress estrus, which increases stress and decreases DMI. -Optaflexx (ractopamine) beta agonist. Repartitioning agent is something that will cause more nutrients to go towards muscle instead of fat. Only approved to be used in the last 28-42 days of finishing. Controversial agent, more death loss in cattle, most companies JBS, USA, Tyson, Smithville have banned its use, and other countries too. Ionophores antibiotics -Monensin (Rumensins), lasalocid -Feed additives that selectively target some rumen bacteria, not used in human medicine so fine to use here. -Goal is to modify rumen bacteria. -Alter the profile of VFAs that are produced, decrease acetate and methane, increase propionate (and bacteria population that make it) -Feed on high grain diets, improves feed efficiency and decreases incidence of acidosis -Direct metabolism toward deposition of muscle

Answer 45

Overview Pets (dogs, cats, birds, exotics) Livestock: food and fiber producing. Nutrition is the key to get an animal to market weight. Marbling, quality of meat, etc. Working, Sporting (farm animals, horses): racehorses need optimal nutrition key. Zoos, aquariums, (exhibition, conservation) Research (rodents, primates) lab animal nutrition is mostly done for you. Other Proper Nutrition -Better health, longevity, of pets for example -Fam animals -Research nutrition needs to be standardized, protocols. Example, NSAIDs and arthritis, diet may have contributed to results. "Five freedoms" -From thirst and hunger -From discomfort -From pain, injury, and disease -From fear and distress

Answer 46

-Similar than pediatrician treating a child with parent in the room -VCPR -80-90% people say they leave office without hearing about nutrition -Nutrition is important Feeding Methods Meals -Once or twice per day, measured a fixed amount. Maybe 3-4 times for kittens -Remove food that is not eaten or save -Advantages: portion control, observed palatability, acceptance, appetite, intake, physiologic for dogs. -Disadvantages: people may not know how much to put in the bowl or believe recommendations are too much/little. Requires time and effort. Not physiological for cats (eat often during the day) Free-choice -Food is always available -Advantages: convenient, no special measurements, animal regulates its own intake. Eliminates begging behavior -Disadvantages: limited portion control, risk of overweight/obesity, difficult to monitor appetite. Time-feeding -Food offered for a fixed period of time and then removed. -Some times done during research studies -May encourage engorging Hand-feeding -Coaxes animal to eat -Reduces stress -Requires the most time and effort, may lead to over or under feeding Combination feeding -For example wet food offered as a meal once a day, dry food fed free-choice

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Dry (kibble) -The most common way to feed -Produced by extrusion (same as chex cereal), baking, meals, pelleting -Needs preservatives -Most economical, convenient, long-term storage, most sustainable. Most sustainable. -May have lower salability, lack of variety of flavors, textures. -Once opened within two months should be consumed. Loss quality, taste, fatty acids oxidized rancid. Wet (can, trays, pouches) -Produced by mixing and sterilization (heat, pressure) -Long shelf life (5-10 years), convenient, palatable, variety of flavors, textures. -Can be expensive, high water content (70-85%), high environmental impact. Bigger carbon foot print. Frozen or Refrigerated -Similar to above -High environmental impact -Freshpet provides the refrigerator -Raw, cooked, partially cooked. Freeze-dried

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-Retail (over the counter) -Veterinary diets Retail diets -Widely available, mostly intended for healthy pets -Grocery stores -Now online orders, no limits Veterinary exclusive diets -Prescription diet (trademark of Hills) -Veterinary therapeutic or exclusive diet -Prescription only means: FDA Rx product, it does not applied to pet diets because they are not regulated by FDA. It is not writing a prescription it is an order. Veterinarian has to authorize the order

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-Some owners prefer to avoid commercial pet food -Some people do it right, but most do it wrong -Food allergies are a good reason to make **Do not use recipes form internet** **Balance.it.com trusted place**

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Protein Fat Vitamins Minerals Water Macronutrients: protein, fat, carbohydrate -Provide energy calories. Profile refers to the % of metabolizable energy (ME) proportions diet Micronutrients: vitamins, minerals, Macronutrient profile: always fills the 100%, there is no such a thing as a single high protein diet, low fat, etc., they all change to get the 100% **Find it in the Guide** Nutrients 1. 2. 3. **Try to get 100% of their requirements every day** unlike humans -Too much or too little not good -Optimal range between reduced and high intake (target)

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-Contain oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen (some phosphorous or sulfur) -Primary -Alpha-helix -Tertiary structure Essential AAs bc you can't make them Dogs required 10 amino acids Cats require 11 (taurine+) Humans require 9 Animals and humans need AAs not Proteins Functions of proteins and AAs -Enzyme, hormones, neurotransmitters, antibodies, structural, mechanical, transport (Hb) Deficiencies -Decreased growth rate, weight loss, anemia, poor hair coat, decreased color (Tyrosine or Alenine deficiency = red coat) Fat ans Oils -Cholesterol and phospholipids are also examples of lipids Fatty Acid -FAs building blocks of of triglycerides -Linear structures with a methyl end and a carboxyl -Single bonds: saturated -Double bonds: monounsaturated -Two or more double bonds: polyunsaturated -Short-chain FA: < 6 carbons -Medium: 6-12 -Long: >6 Important ones (memorize) Omega 3 -Alpha-linolenic acid -Eicosapentaenoic Acid -Decosahaenoic Acid Omega 6 -Linoiec Acid -Gamma-Linoienoic -Arachidonic

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Functions as a hormone in the body

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-Growth -Deficiency: decreased vision or blindness, decrease immune function Toxicity -Born abnormalities: cervical spondylitis -Feeding liver to animals, cod liver oil which contains too much (fish oil confusion), or excessive supplementation -Dogs can take carotenoids (B-carotine) from plants and active vitamin A, CAT CAN'T.

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-Humans get is from sunlight -Dogs and cats don't, they have to have it in their diet -Dogs narrowest therapeutic range 500 IU/kg to 3000 IU/kg. Cats more tolerant of excess Toxicity -Increased body calcium (higher Ca levels in blood) -Production of Ca oxalate urinary stones -Developmental musculoskeletal disorders

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**Steatitis in cats: eating fatty fish without adequate E to prevent oxidation** Toxicity -Not seen

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Chemical names Important for blood clotting: factors II, VII, IX, X -Essential but don't know exactly the amount -Cats have a minimum has been seen if excess consumption of fish -Rodenticide toxicity: injectable available K1 -Chronic diarrhea: may need supplementation (shot if in hospital)

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-Coenzyme for metabolic processes -deficiency not very common but happens -Neurologic signs, lack of appetite, weight loss. CATS ventroflexion (also potassium deficiency) -Lost 99% during heating process of food, they need to put a lot more of it in the food. Small pet food company may not analyze Thiamine content, poor quality.

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-Can be used as a drug to treat some autoimmune conditions dermatology issues NIACINAMIDE form -Deficiencies: oral ulcers, tongue necrosis. -Functions as a coenzyme -Humans cholesterol Niacin

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-Necessary for RBC synthesis -Deficiency in animals = anemia -Ileum is the only part where it gets absorbed

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-Non organic -Ash percentage in levels (what is left over after everything else has been burnt)