Exam 2 Flashcards
True or false: all animals have 4 chambered hearts
false
in which phase would the AV valve be CLOSED, and the semilunar valves be OPEN?
A). atrial and ventricular diastole
B). atrial systole, ventricular diastole
C). ventricular systole, atrial diastole
B). atrial systole, ventricular diastole
Left vs right heart sound and timing
reason for (no) difference?
left: same
right: same
reason: it is the same heart and each beat effects both sides
Left vs right heart stroke volume
reason for (no) difference?
left: same
right: same
reason: same volumes in both sides of heart
Left vs right heart peak ventricular systolic pressure
reason for (no) difference?
left: higher than right
right: lower than left
reason: the left has higher pressure in general
Left vs right heart pulse pressure
reason for (no) difference?
left: BLANK
right: BLANK
reason: BLANK
Left vs right heart aortic vs pulmonary pressure
reason for (no) difference?
left: (aortic) higher pressure
right: (pulmonary) lower pressure
reason: BLANK
Left vs right heart when the AV valve is closed
reason for (no) difference?
left: BLANK
right: BLANK
reason: BLANK
Left vs right heart timing of electrical events
reason for (no) difference?
left: same
right: same
reason: same heart = same timing
You are a red blood cell being swept along in the blood; the partial pressure of oxygen is 40mm Hg and CO2 is 46mm Hg. you are in the heart when suddenly you hear a door slam behind you, where are you?
the right ventricle
How is blood flow regulated in: muscle
how much does it change during exercise?
local control
x10 increase
How is blood flow regulated in: heart
how much does it change during exercise?
local control
x3 increase
How is blood flow regulated in: brain
how much does it change during exercise?
local control
no change
How is blood flow regulated in: kidney
how much does it change during exercise?
hormonal and nerve control
x0.5 increase
Vessels with the highest blood pressure?
A). Systemic arterioles
B). systemic arteries
C). systemic veins
D). capillaries
E). pulmonary veins
B). systemic arteries
vessels carrying blood with the lowest pO2?
A). Systemic arterioles
B). systemic arteries
C). systemic veins
D). capillaries
E). pulmonary veins
C). systemic veins
where most exchange of nutrients occurs?
A). Systemic arterioles
B). systemic arteries
C). systemic veins
D). capillaries
E). pulmonary veins
D). capillaries
primary resistance vessels?
A). Systemic arterioles
B). systemic arteries
C). systemic veins
D). capillaries
E). pulmonary veins
A). Systemic arterioles
if all neural input into the heart was removed what will happen?
increase in heart rate
calculate cardiac output in a woman with mean arterial pressure of 85mm Hg, stroke volume of 75mL/beat, flow velocity of 500mm/sec, heart rate of 70 beats/min
5.25L/min
work: (70beat/min * 75mL/beat)/1000L/mL = 5.25L/min
osmotic pressure in the arterial and venous end of the capillary
same for both
blood pressure in the arterial and venous end of the capillary
arteriole: higher than osmotic
venous: lower than osmotic
total pressure and direction of flow in the arterial and venous end of the capillary
arteriole: 11mmHg out of cap
venous: 9mmHg into cap
the problem of insufficient surface area to volume ratio in mammals is primarily resolved by:
A). increasing speed of diffusion
B). increasing surface area in specific organ systems
C). regulating surface area by the nervous system
B). increasing surface area in specific organ systems
explain how an increase in parasympathetic input to the heart will change the heart rate (mechanistically what produces the change in heart rate?)
If the blood pressure drops below normal what directional changes will happen to..
heart rate
stroke volume
venous return
parasympathetic activity
sympathetic activity and epinephrine
heart rate increase
stroke volume increase
venous return increase
parasympathetic activity decrease
sympathetic activity and epinephrine increase
explain the difference between anatomical dead space and residual volume
calculate the following volume per min for an individual with a tidal volume of 300mL and a breathing frequency of 30 breaths per min
Total ventilation volume:
dead space ventilation:
alveolar ventilation:
Total ventilation volume: BLANK
dead space ventilation: 4.5L/min
alveolar ventilation: BLANK
calculate the partial pressure of oxygen at sea level and on a high mountain (350mm Hg)
sea level:
high mountain:
sea level: 760mmHg * 0.21 = 159.6 mmHg
high mountain: 350mmHg * 0.21 = 73.5mmHg
need to know that O2 concentration is 21% and that normal atm is 760mmHg
Which would change most of a high mountain compared to sea level?
A). Alveolar pO2
B). Alveolar pCO2
C). percentage of O2 in air
D). percentage of CO2 in air
E). both A and C
A). Alveolar pO2
the partial pressure of oxygen is likely to be greater for blood in the…
A). pulmonary artery than the pulmonary vein
B). systemic artery than the systemic veins
C). pulmonary veins than systemic veins
D). A and B
E). B and C
E). B and C
carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin at the same binding site (iron) as oxygen. if you were to breathe carbon monoxide which of the following would decrease the most during the first minute?
A). Alveolar pO2
B). Alveolar pCO2
C). arterial pO2
D). arterial pCO2
E). total O2 carried in the blood
E). total O2 carried in the blood
the normal respiratory rate under resting conditions is primarily regulated by __________ acting at the _____________chemorecpetors
CO2
BLANK
during intense exercise the respiratory rate will ___________ primarily due to _________ acting at the _________ chemoreceptors
increase
lactic acid (drop in pH)
BLANK
what are the two hormones that regulate the balance of calcium homeostasis? what endocrine gland secretes each of them?
during conditions of LOW blood calcium, how does each of the following organs help restore blood calcium concentrations to normal amounts?
Kidney?
Intestines?
Bone?
Kidney: BLANK
Intestines: increased absorption of calcium
Bone: osteoclasts break down bone
estrogen is known to preserve bone tissue n women, what happens in each of the following bone cells when women go through menopause?
Osteocytes?
osteoblasts?
osteoclasts?
Osteocytes: degrade by osteoclasts
osteoblasts: decrease production, reduce making bone
osteoclasts: increases production, degrade more bone
_________secrete RANK-L which binds to the ________ receptors on the _________ which ________ bone mass. ________ secrete osteoprotegerin which binds to the ______ receptors on the ________ leading to ______ bone mass. under normal physiological conditions, osteoblast and osteoclast signaling is ________, but under abnormal physiological conditions, like cancer that metastasizes to bone, osteoblast and osteoclast signaling is __________
Osteoblasts, RANK, BLANK, decrease, BLANK, RANK, osteoclasts, increased, coupled, uncoupled.
