Exam 2 Flashcards
age class (i)
all individuals within an age class are assumed to be equal with respect to their birth and death rates.
survival
probability tath an individual in an age class will survive to the next age class.
fertility
production of new class 1 individuals
Leslie matrix
a model used to describe population growth. in which a population is closed to migration, growing in an unlimited environment, and where only one sex, usually the female, is considered
lefkovich matrix
all individuals within a stage class are assumed to be equal with respect to their birth and death rates.
projection matrix
should correspond to ages/stages discernable in fields and relevant to management.
fecundity (mj)
the average number of offspring born per unit of time to individual female in age class or stage
survival (p)
individual must survive long enough to enter age or stage j
pre-birth pulse sampling
Individuals give birth the moment they enter their respective age or stage class.
post-birth pulse sampling
requires an extra class for newborns, born just before sampling?
density dependence
a profound influence that a population density or abundance has on the vital rates of individuals and, in turn, on the population growth rate.
positive density dependence
is one in which the population growth is regulated by an increased population density.
negative density dependence
describes a situation in which population growth is curtailed by crowding, predators and competition.
intraguild predation
more than one species feed on the same prey and therefore competitors feed on each other.
trophic cascade
predators limit the density or behavior of prey species. which shifts the trophic levels.
predator effects
- regulation vs. limitation
- predation can limit prey number but not likely to drive species to extinction.
- ecological vulnerability
- ecological naivete
3 predation rate factors
1) predation rate
2) degree of compensation
3) who gets killed
predator functional response
describes the number of species of prey killed per predator per unit of time. equilibrium number of predators present at a given prey density.
apparent competition
prey species affect each others’ abundances through their effects on the numerical response of a shared species.
doomed surplus
predators as ecological equivalent as “garbage collectors”
vulnerability
not all age classes are killed equally. age classes differ in compensation potential. affects population growth.
GPS
global positioning system
VHF
very high frequency
the demographic approach to quantifying dispersal
invasive–need to go and capture and physically mark animals. it’s a very expensive and short-lived method. it misses rare and distant events and how or where animals move.
the genetic approach to quantifying dispersal
it’s non-invasive, however, it is also expensive. measures historical and contemporary gene flow.
non-equilibrium approach
- select 1 individual
- calculate the probability of genotype being drowned from a given population
- assign to the population having the highest probability
- dispersal rate = proportion of sampling individuals that were dispersed
- relaxed assumption
- statistical power increases with an increase in the number of individuals and the number of loci, genetic differentiation, and variability of each loci.
complementary approach
equilibrium approach, assignment approach, and demographic approach.
multiple isolated populations
heightened susceptibility to extinction. no recolonization.
metapopulation
a population within a population. each has its dynamics
contribution metric
quantifies how a population contributes to growth both of itself (Rx) and of the other subpopulation via successful emigration (Ex)
ecological traps
sink habitat is preferentially chosen over better habitats
soay sheep
different aged males and females affected differently by winter and spring weather.
wildlife radiotelemetry
an integral part of studying animal movement, reproductive success, fates, and causes of mortality.
triangulation
using three bearings to coordinate the location of a potentially moving animal.
deterministic factors
fragmentation, invasive species, global warming, overexploitation, and pollution.
road effect
hunters very often do not move more than a kilometer off the road and hunt the animals near the road.
species response to deterministic factors
1) none. the stressor is within a tolerable range.
2) move
3) adapt
4) decline
hierarchical selection
1st order: geographical ranges
2nd order: placement of home ranges
3rd order: specific activity centers
4th order: specific food items
habitat suitability index HSI
synthesis of existing statistical models, data, and expert opinion into quantifying measures presenting optimal habitat conditions.
degree of compensation
harvest mortality is compensated by increased survival, increased reproduction, increased immigration
Pittman-Robertson act
written in 1937 by FDR with bipartisan support. 11% excised taxon firearms and ammunition.
Fst
the proportion of the total genetic variance contained in a subpopulation (the S subscript) relative to the total genetic variance (the T subscript)
allee effect
a phenomenon in biology characterized by a correlation between population size or density and the mean individual fitness of a population or species
λ =
is called the finite geometrical population growth rate that gives the proportional change in.
3 types of harvest management
- structural uncertainty
- partial observability
- partial controllability
r =
instantaneous per capita rate of increase.
