Exam 1 Flashcards
population
A population is the total number of individuals of a given biological species found in a set area at one time.
wildlife
all non-human and non-domesticated animals.
wildlife management
not predominantly about hunting and trapping. income and expenditures of state agencies are focused inordinately on game species.
population momentum
when a population’s fertility rate declines but continues to grow due to the population’s age structure.
vital statistics
which age classes are most important for reproductive success.
population parameters
quantity of interest for a population in a given area and time.
cornerstones for proper sampling design
1) randomization
2) replication
3) control
what affects statistical power
1) change the alpha value
2) effect size
3) variance
4) sample size
methodology of a field study
1) control site
2) blind study
3) survey control
4) paired sampling
p-value
probability of falsely rejecting a true null.
index
a raw count of animals or their signs
naked p-value
gives us statistical significance without giving us any other statistical information.
pseudoreplication
Pseudoreplication occurs when the number of measured values or data points exceeds the number of genuine replicates.
Lincoln-Peterson index
The assumption behind mark-recapture methods is that the proportion of marked individuals recaptured in the second sample represents the proportion of marked individuals in the population as a whole.
ψ=
probability of occupancy. an a priori expectation that a particular site will be occupied by a species as determined by some underlying process.
natality
litter size
fecundity
the average number of offspring born per individual of a certain age class.
sex allocation theory
although natural selection should favor a 50:50 sex ratio, its often not the case.
3 key assumptions of lincoln-Peterson
- the population is closed
- marks are not lost
- all specimens are equally likely to be captured
two things that determine population closure
- demographic closure
- geographical closure
the two components that make up total variance
- process variance
- sampling variance
methods to estimate survival rate
- life table
- fate methods
- band return
- capture-recapture
first bag limits in North America
Iowa, 25 prairie chickens/ day
what ΔAIC value indicates a meaningful difference
≥2
what is the rule of thumb for an electronic tracker weight on an animal
does not exceed 5% of the body mass of the animal with the tracker.
what assumption must be met to use a life table approach?
horizontal, vertical, and detection probabilities must all be equal.
parameter
quantities of the population for a given area and time.
controlled conditions
making sure that the desired conditions are met.
control site or control treatment
the consistent lack of a treatment
precision
refers to the amount of scatter or the repeatability of the estimates when made many times.
accuracy
how well the estimated mean corresponds to the true mean.
process variation
a genuine biological variance that arises because conditions like temperature, disease, and moisture vary.
spatial process variation
arises from differences in species interactions and habitat quality across the landscape like aspect, slope, or precipitation.
temporal process variation
variation often caused by weather and interactions with other species.
sample variance
arises from the inevitable result of estimating something by incomplete sampling from a population.
real process variation
total variance measure - sample variance
Akaike’s information criterion
quantifies parsimony and measures which model is simpler and better fit for the data.
goodness of fit
a statistical test that determines how well sample data fits a distribution from a population with a normal distribution.
