Exam 2 Flashcards
What is the definition of health?
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What is the definition of disease?
The alteration of living cells or tissues that jeopardizes survival in their environment.
What is a pathogen?
Agents that cause disease.
What are reasons for wanting to defeat a disease?
Social uplift, better sanitation, disinfection of drinking water, innovation in food storage, discovery and development of antibiotics, vaccines and immunizations
What are the different types of infectious diseases?
Bacterial, viral, parasitic, rickettsial (bacteria transmitted by fleas, lice, ticks, or mites), non conventional (prions)
What is zoonosis?
Infection or infections disease transmitted under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans
What is contagion?
The communication of disease form one person to another by close contact
What is a vector?
An insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent
What is a fomite?
Objects or materials which are likely to carry infection, such as clothes, utensils, and furniture
What is the continuum of health and disease?
Full health+infection-> sub clinical disease (latent, impaired health)-> symptom onset -> clinical disease (have become infectious by now) either becomes acute and you get better or you die
What is waterborne disease?
Comes from ingesting infected water
What is a water-unwashed disease?
Comes from poor sanitation
What is a water-based disease?
Water is an important part of the disease life-cycle, but the water is not infectious itself
What is the malaria lifecycle?
1) infected mosquito bites a human giving them the disease
2) human becomes infected
3) mosquito bites an infected human
4) more infected mosquitos are made and repeat cycle
What is zoonosis?
An infection or infectious disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans
What is a vector?
An insect or any living carrier that transports an infectious agent from an infected individual or its wastes to a susceptible individual or its food or immediate surroundings
What is a vector-borne infection?
Several classes of vector-borne diseases each with epidemiological features determined by the interaction between the infectious agent and the human host. Climate and seasonal change, environmental factors and more can change interactions between vectors and hosts.
Where is malaria found?
Malaria is found in 100 countries with about 50% of the worlds population being at risk.
What are the health impacts of malaria?
Malaria can cause serious health impacts like edema, impaired kidney function, protein in urine, and elevated cholesterol levels.
What is the vector for malaria?
The Anopheles mosquito is one that is the vector for malaria.
How was malaria controlled in the US?
It was endemic until the 1940s. Antimalarial campaigns in the US consisted of frequent treatment of homes and public areas with DDT.
How was DDT used to control Malaria?
DDT was used to try and control malaria. It was frequently sprayed in areas where the disease was endemic. It was useful for controlling the mosquitos but it bioaccumulates and is harmful to birds and other wildlife.
How is climate change affecting malaria incidence?
Climate change is affecting where the disease is endemic which may increase incidence.
What is leishmaniasis?
A disease that causes sores on the skin.
What is the vector for leishmaniasis?
The vector is sand flies.
What is the reservoir for leishmaniasis?
The main reservoir is dogs
What is the geographic prevalence of leishmaniasis?
It is endemic in 82 countries with increasing incidence.
What is plague?
It is a bacterium that causes disease in animals and humans
What is the vector for the plague?
The vector for the plague is fleas
What is the fatality rate of the plague?
There is a 50-60% fatality rate in untreated cases.
What is Lyme disease?
A bacterium that causes arthritis like symptoms in many patients
What is the vector for Lyme disease?
Ticks are the vector for Lyme disease
What is Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
It is an acute infectious disease that is caused by a rickettsia agent
What is the vector for Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
Infected ticks are the vector
What are viral hemorrhagic fevers?
A group of illnesses caused by several distinct families of viruses. VHF is described as a severe multisystem syndrome.
What are the symptoms of VHF?
Damage to the vascular system, damage to body regulation, and hemorrhage.
What are the causes of VHF?
Most are caused by zoonoses and require and animal host or reservoirs
What are arboviral diseases?
Viral diseases that are caused by a blood-feeding arthropod vectors to infect a human host.
What is the typical cycle of arboviral diseases?
They usually require a reservoir host and a vector to infect a human.
What are the main clinical symptoms of arboviral diseases?
CNS illness, acute fevers, hemorrhagic fevers, poly arthritis and rashes
What are factors that are causing diseases to emerge and reemerge?
Migration of humans especially in tropical and subtropical areas, increases in international travel, population growth, urbanization, overuse of antibiotics and pesticides, lack of clean drinking water, and climate change
What are dengue fever symptoms?
They range from mild to severe. High fever, severe headache, eye pain, muscle pain, joint pain, rash, and mild bleeding
Where does dengue fever occur geographically?
Primarily occurs in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world
What are the differences between denture fever and dengue demographic fever?
Classic dengue fever is benign. DHF has more severe symptoms that is more life-threatening. Symptoms last for 2-7 days and causes fever, abdominal pain, and bleeding phenomena
What is the vector for dengue fever?
The vector is Aedes aegypti
Why is dengue fever reemerging?
Travelers who are visiting tropics and subtropical regions are getting the disease. It is also spreading because of climate change
How do we control and prevent mosquito borne diseases?
We monitor their presence in animals like birds. We also eliminate stagnant water where they can breed.
What are the lead and mercury hazards for humans?
Mercury poses a threat to humans because of its presence in fish. This is a for children, pregnant, and nursing women. Lead can potentially harm children’s development. Exposure can occur from paints, living in inner cities, and hunting with lead pellets.
What are the three categories for classifying heavy metals?
Major toxic metals, essential metals with potential for for toxicity, and metals related to medical therapy
What are heavy metals?
Metals that have high atomic weights
What is biomagnification?
Heavy metals become more concentrated and harmful as they moved up the food chain
What is bioaccumulating?
When a substance becomes concentrated in a living organism.
What are the sources of exposure to heavy metals?
Industry, mining, coal power plants, fertilizers and older residential homes
What are the effects of heavy metal exposure?
High level exposure and chronic low level exposure vary in effects. Exposure may cause gastrointestinal effects and neurological effects. Long-term low exposure is less noticeable than higher level acute exposure.
How are women and children effected by heavy metals?
Women and children have smaller body sizes which means they need less exposure to get sick. They can cause reproductive harm in women and developmental problems in children.
What is arsenic used for?
It was used as a pesticide and wood preservative
How are people exposed to arsenic?
Industrial processes, certain foods, and drinking water.
How were people exposed to arsenic in Bangladesh?
They were exposed by using tube wells. The ground oxidizes over time making the tube wells toxic.
What is melanosis?
It’s a dermatological condition that can cause darkening of the skin of the entire body or spots on the skin
What are the other impacts of arsenic?
Arsenic is a carcinogen, causes peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and preterm birth
What is cadmium used for?
It is used for batteries, coatings on metals, electronics.
What are the health impacts of cadmium?
It can cause high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease
What is itai-itai disease?
It occurred in Japan in a river basin from 1912 to 1955. The disease caused extreme pain and brittle bones.
What are the sources of chromium?
It occurs naturally in the earths crust. And is essential for sugar, protein,and fat
How are humans exposed to chromium?
Occupation, food and water
What are the health impacts of chromium?
Is essential for body’s use of sugar, fat, and protein. Can also cause lung cancer, is a carcinogen,
What are the sources of mercury?
Mercury in naturally occurring and exists in three major forms: metallic, inorganic, and organic.
What are the historical uses of mercury?
It was used to treat syphilis, as an agricultural fungicide, and in dental amalgams
What is methylation?
Process in which microorganism ingest a small amount of mercury from sediments and convert elemental mercury into methyl mercury.
What is Minamata disease?
A neurological disease that causes numbness in extreme items, deafness, poor vision, and drowsiness. It is unresponsive to medical intervention.
What are sources of lead?
Gasoline, water from lead pipes, and paint form older buildings.
What are the health impacts of lead?
It affects the central nervous system and causes neurological conditions especially in children
Trends in lead exposure?
There were high levels of exposure in children in the 1970s and 1980s because of lead paint injection and exposure from pregnancy due to high levels of lead in women’s blood.
