Exam 2 Flashcards
Factors that increase a person’s risk of having a disorder
Etiology
What are the two broad types of mood disorders?
-Only depressive symptoms
-Includes manic symptoms
Examples of depressive symptoms
Extreme sadness and hopelessness
Examples of manic symptoms
-intense feelings of euphoria/high energy -reckless behavior
What is Substance-Induced Depressive Disorder?
Caused by use of substances
What is Depressive Disorder due to Medical?
Caused by some type of medical issue/illness
What is an Other Specified Depressive Disorder?
Results from an unlisted stimulus
When is a person diagnosed with an Unspecified Depressive Disorder?
When they definitely have some form of depression but the cause is unknown, sort of a buffer
What are the types of symptoms (3) shown in depressive disorders?
-With anxious distress (some anxiety symptoms)
-With mixed features (some symptoms of mania during a depressed episode)
-With psychotic features (some delusions and hallucinations)
What is the course of depressive symptoms (2)?
-In partial remission
-In full remission
What are the different levels of severity of symptoms (3)?
-Mild
-Moderate
-Severe
What are the physical symptoms of depressive disorders (3)?
-Psychomotor sluggishness/agitation
-Neglect in appearance/hygiene
-Suicidal ideation, plans, or events
What are the general symptoms of a depressive disorder (3)?
-Viewing things in a negative light/hopelessness
-Difficulty concentrating/memory problems
-Sleep, appetite, weight, and sexual functioning disturbances
What is the difference between a depressive disorder and “typical/everyday” depression?
Sadness is a normal emotion that makes up “typical” depression, while a depressive disorder is a clinically significant disturbance, distress/disability, not simply a predictable response.
What is the biggest criticism of the DSM?
That it pathologizes grief
What is the difference between chronic Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and episodic MDD?
Chronic MDD occurs when a patient never reaches the remission stage while episodic is when the depressive symptoms dissipate over time.
What is a recurrent depressive disorder?
The idea that future depressive episodes are likely after onset.
What is the average number of depressive episodes?
Four
What is the controversy involved in diagnosing MDD (2)?
-There are over 200 ways to meet the diagnosis
-The cutoffs for symptoms are arbitrary
What is Persistent Depressive Disorder?
A less severe (less symptom presentation), more chronic (longer lasting) version of MDD
What is the controversy behind Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder?
It attempts to legitimize the pain and suffering that people that menstruate may experience but could be viewed as stigmatizing towards those individuals.
Why are Bipolar Disorders called this?
Because most people will experience both depression and mania
What is mania?
State of intense elation or irritability
Give a few examples of symptoms of mania
-Loud, incessant remarks (jokes)
-Rapidly shifting topics (flight of ideas)
-Become more social/intuitive
-Overly confident/grandiose
-Decreased need for sleep (feeling rested after very few hours of sleep)
-Reckless behavior: speeding, overspending, sexual promiscuity
What are DSM requirements for symptoms to be classified as mania (2)?
-Comes on suddenly (over 1-2 days)
-Can’t result from substance use
What are the traits of a manic episode (2)?
-Symptoms last for at least 1 week or require hospitalization
-Symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment
What are the traits of a hypomanic episode?
-Symptoms last at least 4 days
-Clear change in function that is observable to others but not completely impairing
What do most manic episodes purely consist of?
-Elevated mood
-Increase in confidence
-Reckless behaviors
What is the characteristic of Bipolar I?
At least one episode of mania
What is the characteristic of Bipolar II?
At least one major depressive episode with at least one episode of hypomania
What is Cyclothymic Disorder?
A milder, more chronic form of bipolar disorder
Which form of Bipolar Disorder is among one of the most severe forms of mental illness? Why (4)?
Bipolar I
-Hospitalization
-Suicidality
-Unemployment
-Housing insecurity
What does the term “heterogeneous” mean?
People with the same disorder can look very different
True or False: Mood disorders are the most likely psychological disorders to run in families
True
Which neurotransmitters are affected by mood disorders (3)?
-Norepinephrine
-Serotonin
-Dopamine
Which depression theory grew out of the success of antidepressants?
The monoamine theory
What is the difference between the original and newer models of mood study?
The originals wrongly focused on absolute levels while the newer models focus on sensitivity.
What must be considered before diagnosing an anxiety disorder?
-Developmental (not chronological) age
-Life circumstances
What is the key to abnormal levels of anxiety?
Functional impairment
What is the difference between anxiety and fear?
Anxiety is concern over a future threat while fear is a reaction to immediate danger.
What is the key behavior that characterizes anxiety?
Cautious or avoidant behaviors
When does “normal” anxiety become an anxiety disorder?
When it interferes with a person’s life
What does it mean if something is somatic?
It is bodily or biological
How do anxiety disorders differ from one another?
In terms of objects or situations that induce fear, anxiety, or avoidance behaviors, and the associated thoughts.