Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Factors that increase a person’s risk of having a disorder

A

Etiology

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2
Q

What are the two broad types of mood disorders?

A

-Only depressive symptoms
-Includes manic symptoms

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3
Q

Examples of depressive symptoms

A

Extreme sadness and hopelessness

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4
Q

Examples of manic symptoms

A

-intense feelings of euphoria/high energy -reckless behavior

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5
Q

What is Substance-Induced Depressive Disorder?

A

Caused by use of substances

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6
Q

What is Depressive Disorder due to Medical?

A

Caused by some type of medical issue/illness

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7
Q

What is an Other Specified Depressive Disorder?

A

Results from an unlisted stimulus

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8
Q

When is a person diagnosed with an Unspecified Depressive Disorder?

A

When they definitely have some form of depression but the cause is unknown, sort of a buffer

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9
Q

What are the types of symptoms (3) shown in depressive disorders?

A

-With anxious distress (some anxiety symptoms)
-With mixed features (some symptoms of mania during a depressed episode)
-With psychotic features (some delusions and hallucinations)

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10
Q

What is the course of depressive symptoms (2)?

A

-In partial remission
-In full remission

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11
Q

What are the different levels of severity of symptoms (3)?

A

-Mild
-Moderate
-Severe

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12
Q

What are the physical symptoms of depressive disorders (3)?

A

-Psychomotor sluggishness/agitation
-Neglect in appearance/hygiene
-Suicidal ideation, plans, or events

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13
Q

What are the general symptoms of a depressive disorder (3)?

A

-Viewing things in a negative light/hopelessness
-Difficulty concentrating/memory problems
-Sleep, appetite, weight, and sexual functioning disturbances

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14
Q

What is the difference between a depressive disorder and “typical/everyday” depression?

A

Sadness is a normal emotion that makes up “typical” depression, while a depressive disorder is a clinically significant disturbance, distress/disability, not simply a predictable response.

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15
Q

What is the biggest criticism of the DSM?

A

That it pathologizes grief

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16
Q

What is the difference between chronic Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and episodic MDD?

A

Chronic MDD occurs when a patient never reaches the remission stage while episodic is when the depressive symptoms dissipate over time.

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17
Q

What is a recurrent depressive disorder?

A

The idea that future depressive episodes are likely after onset.

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18
Q

What is the average number of depressive episodes?

A

Four

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19
Q

What is the controversy involved in diagnosing MDD (2)?

A

-There are over 200 ways to meet the diagnosis
-The cutoffs for symptoms are arbitrary

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20
Q

What is Persistent Depressive Disorder?

A

A less severe (less symptom presentation), more chronic (longer lasting) version of MDD

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21
Q

What is the controversy behind Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder?

A

It attempts to legitimize the pain and suffering that people that menstruate may experience but could be viewed as stigmatizing towards those individuals.

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22
Q

Why are Bipolar Disorders called this?

A

Because most people will experience both depression and mania

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23
Q

What is mania?

A

State of intense elation or irritability

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24
Q

Give a few examples of symptoms of mania

A

-Loud, incessant remarks (jokes)
-Rapidly shifting topics (flight of ideas)
-Become more social/intuitive
-Overly confident/grandiose
-Decreased need for sleep (feeling rested after very few hours of sleep)
-Reckless behavior: speeding, overspending, sexual promiscuity

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25
Q

What are DSM requirements for symptoms to be classified as mania (2)?

A

-Comes on suddenly (over 1-2 days)
-Can’t result from substance use

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26
Q

What are the traits of a manic episode (2)?

A

-Symptoms last for at least 1 week or require hospitalization
-Symptoms cause significant distress or functional impairment

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27
Q

What are the traits of a hypomanic episode?

A

-Symptoms last at least 4 days
-Clear change in function that is observable to others but not completely impairing

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28
Q

What do most manic episodes purely consist of?

A

-Elevated mood
-Increase in confidence
-Reckless behaviors

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29
Q

What is the characteristic of Bipolar I?

A

At least one episode of mania

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30
Q

What is the characteristic of Bipolar II?

A

At least one major depressive episode with at least one episode of hypomania

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31
Q

What is Cyclothymic Disorder?

A

A milder, more chronic form of bipolar disorder

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32
Q

Which form of Bipolar Disorder is among one of the most severe forms of mental illness? Why (4)?

A

Bipolar I
-Hospitalization
-Suicidality
-Unemployment
-Housing insecurity

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33
Q

What does the term “heterogeneous” mean?

A

People with the same disorder can look very different

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34
Q

True or False: Mood disorders are the most likely psychological disorders to run in families

A

True

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35
Q

Which neurotransmitters are affected by mood disorders (3)?

A

-Norepinephrine
-Serotonin
-Dopamine

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36
Q

Which depression theory grew out of the success of antidepressants?

A

The monoamine theory

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37
Q

What is the difference between the original and newer models of mood study?

A

The originals wrongly focused on absolute levels while the newer models focus on sensitivity.

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38
Q

What must be considered before diagnosing an anxiety disorder?

A

-Developmental (not chronological) age
-Life circumstances

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39
Q

What is the key to abnormal levels of anxiety?

A

Functional impairment

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40
Q

What is the difference between anxiety and fear?

A

Anxiety is concern over a future threat while fear is a reaction to immediate danger.

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41
Q

What is the key behavior that characterizes anxiety?

A

Cautious or avoidant behaviors

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42
Q

When does “normal” anxiety become an anxiety disorder?

A

When it interferes with a person’s life

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43
Q

What does it mean if something is somatic?

A

It is bodily or biological

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44
Q

How do anxiety disorders differ from one another?

A

In terms of objects or situations that induce fear, anxiety, or avoidance behaviors, and the associated thoughts.

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45
Q

What are Specific Phobias?

A

Disruptive fear of a particular object or situation that is out of proportion to any danger posed

46
Q

What must be determined after someone is diagnosed with a Specific Phobia?

A

A subtype

47
Q

What are the subtypes of Specific Phobia (5)?

A

Animal - dogs, snakes, spiders
Natural environment - storms, heights, water
Blood, injection, injury - medical procedures
Situational - public transport, small spaces, tunnels
Other - loud sounds, clowns

48
Q

What characterizes social anxiety disorder (4)?

A

-More intense and impairing than shyness
-Persistent, intense fear
-Avoidance of social situations
-Fear of negative evaluation or scrutiny

49
Q

What are panic attacks?

A

Sudden attack of intense apprehension, terror, and feelings of impending doom

50
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

Frequent panic attacks that are unrelated to specific situations (worry about future panic attacks)

51
Q

What is Agoraphobia?

A

Anxiety about inability to flee anxiety-provoking situations like public spaces or crowds

52
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Chronic, excessive, uncontrollable worry

53
Q

What is worry?

A

Cognitive tendency to dwell on a problem

54
Q

What biological factors cause an anxiety disorder?

A

-Amygdala overactive
-Medial prefrontal cortex overactive
-HPA Axis overactive
-Poor functioning of serotonin and GABA
-Over-activity of norepinephrine

55
Q

What model states that pairing of stimulus with aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS) leads to fear

A

Two-factor model

56
Q

What are the extensions of the Two-factor model (3)?

A

-Modeling
-Verbal instruction
-Those with anxiety acquire fear more readily

57
Q

Why is a SCID used when assessing someone for Agoraphobia?

A

Helps with differential diagnosis which reduces comorbidity

58
Q

What methods are used to treat anxiety disorders (2)?

A

-Medication
-CBT

59
Q

How is CBT used to treat an anxiety disorder?

A

-Must target specific source of anxiety or fear
-May lead to discomfort, typically short-lived
-Individual or group
-Psychoeducation and relaxation training

60
Q

How does cognitive therapy help treat anxiety?

A

Identifying, challenging, neutralizing/replacing unhelpful thoughts

61
Q

How does exposure therapy work to treat anxiety?

A

Confronting fears and stopping avoidance

62
Q

What is the exposure process when treating anxiety (3)?

A

-Psychoeducation
-Relaxation
-Avoidance/Fear Hierarchy

63
Q

According to Frances, what are the 6 things that have affected ADHD diagnoses (6)?

A

-Wording changes in the DSM-IV
-More drug ads
-Media coverage
-Pressure on parents to control their kids
-Accommodations for students
-Misuse of stimulants

64
Q

What traits characterize Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) (2)? Explain what these are

A

-Obsessions: Intrusive, repetitive thoughts and urges
-Compulsions: Impulse to repeat certain behaviors or mental acts to reduce distress

65
Q

What are the DSM-5 criteria for OCD (3)?

A

-Obsessions, compulsions, or both
-Time-consuming (require at least 1 hour per day), or cause clinically significant distress or impairment
-Not attributable to a substance or another mental disorder

66
Q

What are the treatment methods used for OCD?

A

-Medications (SSRIs)
-Exposure plus response prevention (EX/RP)

67
Q

What does Exposure plus response prevention (EX/RP) involve (4)?

A

-Exposure hierarchy
-Refrain from ritualizing
-Therapist modeling

68
Q

What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder characterized by (2)?

A

-Repetitive thoughts of imagined or exaggerated defects in appearance
-Engagement in compulsive behaviors like checking mirrors often or camouflaging appearance

69
Q

How is Body Dysmorphic Disorder differentiated from Eating Disorders?

A

It is not better explained by concerns about weight

70
Q

What is Hoarding Disorder characterized by?

A

Repetitive thoughts regarding parting with one’s possessions (specifically worthless objects)

71
Q

What is Trichotillomania?

A

Repetitive pulling out of one’s hair, resulting in hair loss despite repeated attempts to stop

72
Q

What is Excoriation?

A

Repetitive picking at one’s skin, resulting in skin lesions despite repeated attempts to stop

73
Q

Which regions of the brain are hyperactive in patients with OCD (3)?

A

-Orbitofrontal cortex (decision-making)
-Caudate nucleus (motor processes, inhibitory control)
-Anterior cingulate

74
Q

Is OCD also supported by the two-factor model?

A

Yes

75
Q

What is PTSD?

A

Extreme and prolonged response to a severe stressor

76
Q

What is Criterion A for PTSD?

A

Type of event, idea that you are exposed to the most traumatic type of event someone may be exposed to (ex. threat to life, sexual assault, etc.)

77
Q

What are intrusion symptoms?

A

Sudden thoughts of the event

78
Q

What is avoidance in PTSD?

A

Avoiding the place where the event took place or things that remind one of the event

79
Q

What is PTSD characterized by (2)?

A

Alterations in mood and alterations in arousal which are present a month after the trauma occurs

80
Q

What is Acute Stress Disorder?

A

A placeholder diagnosis for a person exhibiting PTSD symptoms which is put aside 1 month after the traumatic event

81
Q

What is Adjustment Disorder?

A

Psychological response to a common stressor

82
Q

How is PTSD treated (2)?

A

-Prolonged Exposure
-Cognitive Processing Therapy

83
Q

How is prolonged exposure used to treat PTSD?

A

-Psychoeducation
-In vivo exposure/Fear Hierarchy
-Relaxation
-Imaginal exposure (in session and home)

84
Q

How is Cognitive Processing Therapy used to treat PTSD?

A

-Psychoeducation
-Identify and challenge unhelpful thinking
-Trauma narrative

85
Q

How are PTSD and OCD different?

A

PTSD involves thoughts of a specific trauma and other symptoms of PTSD. OCD involves intrusive thoughts that meet the criteria for obsession and present compulsions

86
Q

What are the characteristics of Dissociative Disorder?

A

Dissociation, such as fragmentation of identity or inability to remember things about yourself - thought to be a protective avoidance response

87
Q

What is Dissociative Amnesia?

A

Partial or total inability to recall important personal information

88
Q

How is PTSD different from Dissociative Amnesia?

A

Is the memory loss restricted to details of the trauma (PTSD) or is it more global (DA)?

89
Q

What is the Dissociative Fugue Subtype?

A

A far more extensive version of Dissociative Amnesia

90
Q

What is Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder?

A

Person’s perceptions or experiences are altered

91
Q

What is Depersonalization?

A

Experiences of unreality

92
Q

What is Derealization?

A

The world has become unreal

93
Q

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)?

A

Patient manifests two or more distinct identities or personality states that alternate in taking control of a person

94
Q

What characterizes a somatic symptom disorder?

A

Excessive concerns about physical symptoms

95
Q

What is Somatic Symptom Disorder?

A

Multiple, current somatic symptoms with authentic suffering but no evident medical cause

96
Q

What is Illness Anxiety Disorder?

A

Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious, undiagnosed medical illness

97
Q

What is Conversion Disorder (Functional Neurological Disorder)?

A

Sensory or motor function impaired but no known neurological cause

98
Q

What is psychosis?

A

Significant loss of contact with reality

99
Q

What are delusions?

A

Belief held with strong conviction despite evidence to the contrary

100
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

Sensory perception in the absence of stimulus

101
Q

What could cause schizophrenia (4)

A

-Excess numbers of dopamine receptors and/or oversensitive dopamine receptors
-Localized mainly in mesolimbic pathway
-Issues during gestation or birth
-Viral damage to fetal brain

102
Q

What treatments are used to help patients with schizophrenia?

A

-Antipsychotic medications
-Social skills training
-Family therapy

103
Q

According to Allen, what are the ambitions of the creators of the DSM?

A

-Base diagnosis on new science
-Early detection/prevention
-Make diagnosis more precise with numbers/spectrum

104
Q

According to Allen, what are the issues that the creators of the DSM do not address?

A

-Focus on reliability
-Avoided more practical questions
-Unrepresentative samples
-DSM is a moneymaker

105
Q

What is Substance-Use Disorder?

A

Cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms directly associated with ingesting a substance

106
Q

Which classes of drugs does Substance-Use Disorder not apply?

A

9, all except for caffeine

107
Q

What is the overarching criteria for Substance-Use Disorder?

A

Problematic pattern of use that leads to impairment

108
Q

What are the two types of Substance-Induced Disorders?

A

-Substance Intoxication (applies to all except tobacco)
-Substance Withdrawal (applies to all except inhalants and hallucinogens)

109
Q

What are the 10 types of drugs?

A

-Caffeine
-Alcohol
-Marijuana
-Tobacco
-Opioids
-Amphetamines
-Methamphetamine
-Cocaine
-Hallucinogens
-Inhalants
-Sedative/Hypnotics/Anxiolytics
-Other

110
Q

What is the process of becoming a drug abuser?

A

-Positive attitude/Willingness to try
-Experimentation
-Regular use
-Heavy use
-Dependence or abuse