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Psychopathology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the DSM-5-TR? How does it work?

A

The official diagnostic system used in the US. It lists categories of psychological disorders and criteria for diagnosing.

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2
Q

Who may use the DSM-5-TR?

A

-Researchers
-Mental health professionals
-Insurance health professionals
-Insurance companies
-Pharm companies
-Policymakers
-Legal system

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3
Q

What does it mean for a diagnosis to have “clinical utility”?

A

That it should help professionals determine the prognosis, treatment plans, and potential treatment outcomes for a patient.

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4
Q

What is psychopathology?

A

Study of the nature, development, and treatment of psychological disorders

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5
Q

What are some challenges of psychopathology? (3 answers)

A

-Maintaining objectivity
-Avoiding assumptions
-Reducing stigma

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6
Q

What is the DSM-V-TR definition of a psychological disorder? (4 answers)

A

-Syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in cognition, emotion regulation, and behavior
-Reflects a dysfunction in the developmental
psychological, or biological processes underlying mental functioning
-Associated with distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities
-Not an expectable or culturally approved response to a common stressor

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7
Q

What are the 3 kinds of paradigms?

A

-Genetic
-Neuroscience
-Cognitive behavioral

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8
Q

The paradigm that covers “nature via nurture”, genes, and heritability

A

Genetic

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9
Q

Study of how an environment can alter gene expression

A

Epigenetics

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10
Q

The extent to which variability in a
particular behavior in a population can be
accounted for by genetic factors

A

Heritability

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11
Q

What is “Nature via Nurture?”

A

The idea that environmental influences alter the expression of our genes

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12
Q

The paradigm that covers neurons and neurotransmitters, the neuroendocrine system, and the autonomic nervous system

A

Neuroscience

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13
Q

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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14
Q

What is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)?

A

A structured, short-term psychotherapy

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15
Q

Which part of CBT focuses on observable actions and behavioral responses with the goal of establishing functional and adaptive patterns of behavior?

A

Behavioral

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16
Q

Which part of CBT states that our interpretations can be adaptive or
maladaptive and attempts to identify and challenge maladaptive

A

Cognitive

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17
Q

What is the most commonly used form of psychotherapy which is extremely effective for most disorders?

A

CBT

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18
Q

What are the three factors that cut across paradigms?

A

-Emotions
-Sociocultural
-Interpersonal

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19
Q

What is the “presenting problem”?

A

The major symptoms and impairments the patient is experiencing

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20
Q

Assessment that uses psychological tests, observations, and interviews to develop a summary of the client’s symptoms and difficulties

A

Psychological

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21
Q

What are the advantages of diagnosis?

A

-Facilitates communication among professionals
-Advances the search for causes and treatments
-Can bring relief to the patient

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22
Q

What is reliability?

A

Consistency of measurement and the extent to which an assessment will provide the same result over person or time

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23
Q

What is validity?

A

The extent to which an assessment method actually measures what it claims

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24
Q

What are the advantages of the DSM-5?

A

-Provides an objective set of
criteria.
-Common language for
clinicians and researchers to
use.
-Decent reliability, particularly in
research settings.

25
Q

What are the disadvantages of the DMS-5?

A

-Too many diagnoses (often
overlapping)
-Categorical vs dimensional
-Validity of DSM disorders
-Pathologizing or medicalizing the
human experience

26
Q

Face-to-face interactions that serve to obtain information about various aspects of a
client’s situation, behavior, and personality. Can be very structured and formal or unstructured and informal but require a lot of skill and practice.

A

Clinical Interviews

27
Q

Assessment that suggests aspects of the environment that might contribute
to symptoms. Can be done through direct observation or self-observation

A

Behavioral assessment

28
Q

What are the different forms of neurological assessment?

A

-Brain imaging (CAT scan, MRI, PET scan, etc.)
-Psychophysiological (body changes)
-Neurotransmitter (postmortem)
-Neuropsychological (functions rely on different areas)

29
Q

What should be kept in mind when integrating assessment data?

A

-Potential cultural bias of the instrument
or the clinician.
-Under-emphasis on the external factors
-Insufficient validation of measures
-Incomplete data
-Premature conclusions/assumptions

30
Q

Method of inducing changes in behaviors, thoughts, or feelings

A

Psychotherapy

31
Q

What are the goals of psychotherapy?

A

To help the client deal with the presenting problem
-Reduce emotional discomfort
-Foster insight
-Provide new information/validate
-Assign homework
-Develop hope and expectations of change

32
Q

Studies that emphasize internal validity

A

Efficacy studies

33
Q

Studies that emphasize external validity

A

Effectiveness studies

34
Q

Treatment involving interventions that have produced a significant change in clients and patients in randomized controlled trials

A

Evidence-based treatment (EBT)

35
Q

What are the common features of psychotherapy?

A

-A supportive relationship and trust (supportive factors)
-Lay the groundwork for changes in clients’ beliefs and attitudes (learning factors)
-Which lead to behavioral changes (action factors)

36
Q

Factors that lead to success in therapy that are hard to define and measure

A

Nonspecific factors

37
Q

Factors that impact the success of therapy
above and beyond the therapy technique
itself

A

Specific therapeutic variables

38
Q

What is the full course of clinical intervention?

A

-Initial contact
-Assessment
-Goals of therapy/Treatment planning
-Implementing treatment
-Monitoring treatment
-Termination/Discharge

39
Q

Remember the process of change as
-Please
-Come
-Put
-Away
-Mints

A

-Precontemplation - No intent to change
-Contemplation - Aware there is a problem but not committed to change
-Preparation - Intends to make a change in the near future
-Action - Changing behaviors, emotions or environment
-Maintenance - Preventing relapse

40
Q

What is the difference between theory and “good” theory?

A

In “good” theory, ideas are falsifiable and stated clearly

41
Q

What word do we never say in science?

A

Prove

42
Q

A research method that promotes the pursuit of knowledge through systematic observation and requires that research findings are replicable and testable

A

Scientific method

43
Q

What are the benefits of using the scientific method in psychology?

A

-Establishes clinical psychology as a prestigious discipline
-Using EBTs is “good practice” because then it isn’t just based on the clinician’s subjective opinion
-Improves services and subsequently patient outcomes

44
Q

What are the 3 approaches to studies in psychology?

A

-Case study
-Correlational
-Experiment

45
Q

Study approach that consists of getting detailed information about one person at a time

A

Case study

46
Q

Study approach where the researcher determines if two things are related

A

Correlational

47
Q

What can correlational studies not determine?

A

Causation

48
Q

Significance where the results obtained from a study would be very unlikely to occur if there was no relationship

A

Statistical

49
Q

Significance that focuses on the extent to which a relationship is large enough to matter in real life, practical importance

A

Clinical

50
Q

Study of the distribution of disorders in a
population and possible correlates

A

Epidemiology

51
Q

What are the 3 features of a disorder?

A

-Prevalence
-Incidence
-Risk factors

52
Q

Number of people with a disorder

A

Prevalence

53
Q

New cases each year

A

Incidence

54
Q

Factors that increase risk

A

Risk factors

55
Q

What is meant by the term “cookbook medicine”?

A

It’s often difficult to
implement the highly manualized and
standardized treatments that come out of science

56
Q

Elevated diagnosis of mental disorders

A

Diagnostic inflation

57
Q

What could be the cause of elevated diagnosis?

A

-Too wide of a net
-Increase in social stress
-“Fads”
-Placebo effect
-Big pharma

58
Q

What does diagnostic inflation cause?

A

-Big pharma profits
-Polypharmacy
-Stigma
-Expenses from society and the patient
-Less psychotherapy

59
Q

What does the umpire metaphor really mean?

A

-Ump 1 - Diagnosis revealed through science (but not easy to identify)
-Ump 3 - Disorders are arbitrary (but have patterns)
-Ump 2 - We find temporary meanings that aren’t 100% accurate

Psychopathology (3 decks)

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