exam 2 Flashcards
glutamate
sensory and motor outputs, excitatory, ketamine/PCP
GABA
neural pathways, inhibitory, alcohol, antianxiety trugs, tetanus blocks release
acetylcholine
released at neuromuscular junctions, excitatory at junctions and modulatory at brain
nicotine activates, curare and atropine block
norepinephrine
released diffusely through brain, modulatory, amohetamines, cocaine, antidepressants block reuptake
dopamine
reward, motivation
released diffusely through brain, modulatory, amohetamines, cocaine, antidepressants block reuptake
serotonin
modulatory, lsd activates, antidepressants and antianxiety block reuptake
endorphins
pain perception, morphine, heroin, and opioids activate receptors
substance P
released by unmyelinated neurons, excitatory, pain perception
nitric oxide
diffuses across plasma membrane, in viagra prevents blockage of no
neuropeptides
endorphins and substance p
monoamines
norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
amino acids
glutamate, gaba
two main neurotransmitters in vertebrate brains
glutamate and gaba
single celled photosynthetic organisms
sense light in order to move to where it is more abundant
single-celled organisms
sense food molecules and relevant chemicals in the environment
sensory reception in euglena
photosynthetic chloroplasts– navigate to light by sensing photons using receptor proteins in the eyespots
amoeboid cells sensory reception
express receptor proteins for cAMP, and move to where it is more concentrated, forming fruiting bodies
four major types of sensory receptor proteins
mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, or thermoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
detect physical forces that push or pull on the membrane of a sensory neuron, changing the shape of the receptor protein. mostly ion channel proteins that open when deformed. basis for touch and hearing
photoreceptors
detect light energy and are the transduction mechanism in vision. in vertebrates, receptors in retina
chemoreceptors
detect specific molecules acting as ligands to activate the receptors. detect food and other biologically relevant molecules. basis for smell and taste
thermoreceptors
detect changes in temp and are one transduction mechanism in touch
loggerhead sea turtle
one example of an animal that navigates by sensing the earth’s magnetic field
honeybees
detect uv light that humans can’t detect
receptive field
a region surrounding the receptor within which the receptor responds to a stimulus
receptive field of mechanosensory neuron
determined by dendritic arbor
receptive field of a photoreceptor neuron
determined by location in the retina
how is intensity of a stimulus communicated
frequency of action potentials traveling across each axon in an afferent pathway
sensory afaptation
effect of a stimulus is reduced if it continues at a constant level
snakes sensors
pit organs to detect body heat
role of thermosensory neurons
locate warm-blooded prey
discovered thermoreceptor proteins
- one detects warm temperatures above 40 C and is activated by capsaicin
- one detects colder temperatures below 25 c and is activated by menthol
role of magnetoreceptors
navigation
role of electroreceptors
- finding prey
- communicating
- killing prey
nociception
detection of damaging stimuli, perceived as pain
neurotransmitters involved in pain
glutamate for sharp pain, substance p for dull aching pain
where do pain neurons synapse
neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord
endorphins
natural painkillers that bind to receptors on substance p neurons to reduce amount of neurotransmitter released
frontal lobes
motor control, planning, decisionmaking
occipital lobe
integrating visual info
parietal and temporal lobes
include cortical areas that integrate a variety of different types of information - auditory, somatic, taste, higher-level integration, recognition of faces and complex objects, spatial awareness, language
prefrontal association cortex
at very front, for planning, decisionmaking, personality, creativity
premotor cortex
right after prefrontal cortex, coordination of complex movement
primary motor cortex
voluntary movement, right behind premotor
somatosensory cortex
right behind primary motor, touch, pain, temperature, pressure input
posterior parietal cortex
somatosensory and visual input integration
wernicke’s area
understanding language
parietal-temporal-occipital cortex
integration of all sensory input
primary visual cortex
vision
primary auditory cortex
hearing
limbic association cortex
motivation, emotion, memory
broca’s area
expressing language
corpus callosum
connects two cerebral hemispheres
what side of brain does comprehension and production of language occur
left cerebral hemisphere
damage to wernicke’s area
difficulty comprehending spoken and written language, even though hearing and vision are unimpaired
neurons in wernicke’s area project to broca’s area
broca’s area is in what region of the brain
near motor association cortex. people with damage have comprehension but cannot speak
divisions of long-term memory
procedural and declarative
sequential mechanims of learning
- storing memory
- scanning memory after stimulation
- modifying response to stimulus in accordance with the information stored as memory
eyes closed, relaxed
alpha waves
drowsiness
theta waves
awake
beta waves
drowsiness to deep sleep transition
delta waves
prefrontal association cortex
involved in thinking, such as planning, decisionmaking, creativity
parietal-temporal-occipital association
integrates all sensory input and relates parts to external environment
limbic association cortex
motivation, emotion, memory
