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BIOL 2312 Spring 2023 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

glutamate

A

sensory and motor outputs, excitatory, ketamine/PCP

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2
Q

GABA

A

neural pathways, inhibitory, alcohol, antianxiety trugs, tetanus blocks release

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3
Q

acetylcholine

A

released at neuromuscular junctions, excitatory at junctions and modulatory at brain
nicotine activates, curare and atropine block

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4
Q

norepinephrine

A

released diffusely through brain, modulatory, amohetamines, cocaine, antidepressants block reuptake

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5
Q

dopamine

A

reward, motivation
released diffusely through brain, modulatory, amohetamines, cocaine, antidepressants block reuptake

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6
Q

serotonin

A

modulatory, lsd activates, antidepressants and antianxiety block reuptake

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7
Q

endorphins

A

pain perception, morphine, heroin, and opioids activate receptors

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8
Q

substance P

A

released by unmyelinated neurons, excitatory, pain perception

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9
Q

nitric oxide

A

diffuses across plasma membrane, in viagra prevents blockage of no

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10
Q

neuropeptides

A

endorphins and substance p

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11
Q

monoamines

A

norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin

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12
Q

amino acids

A

glutamate, gaba

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13
Q

two main neurotransmitters in vertebrate brains

A

glutamate and gaba

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14
Q

single celled photosynthetic organisms

A

sense light in order to move to where it is more abundant

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15
Q

single-celled organisms

A

sense food molecules and relevant chemicals in the environment

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16
Q

sensory reception in euglena

A

photosynthetic chloroplasts– navigate to light by sensing photons using receptor proteins in the eyespots

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17
Q

amoeboid cells sensory reception

A

express receptor proteins for cAMP, and move to where it is more concentrated, forming fruiting bodies

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18
Q

four major types of sensory receptor proteins

A

mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, or thermoreceptors

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19
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect physical forces that push or pull on the membrane of a sensory neuron, changing the shape of the receptor protein. mostly ion channel proteins that open when deformed. basis for touch and hearing

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20
Q

photoreceptors

A

detect light energy and are the transduction mechanism in vision. in vertebrates, receptors in retina

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21
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect specific molecules acting as ligands to activate the receptors. detect food and other biologically relevant molecules. basis for smell and taste

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22
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect changes in temp and are one transduction mechanism in touch

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23
Q

loggerhead sea turtle

A

one example of an animal that navigates by sensing the earth’s magnetic field

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24
Q

honeybees

A

detect uv light that humans can’t detect

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25
Q

receptive field

A

a region surrounding the receptor within which the receptor responds to a stimulus

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26
Q

receptive field of mechanosensory neuron

A

determined by dendritic arbor

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27
Q

receptive field of a photoreceptor neuron

A

determined by location in the retina

28
Q

how is intensity of a stimulus communicated

A

frequency of action potentials traveling across each axon in an afferent pathway

29
Q

sensory afaptation

A

effect of a stimulus is reduced if it continues at a constant level

30
Q

snakes sensors

A

pit organs to detect body heat

31
Q

role of thermosensory neurons

A

locate warm-blooded prey

32
Q

discovered thermoreceptor proteins

A
  • one detects warm temperatures above 40 C and is activated by capsaicin
  • one detects colder temperatures below 25 c and is activated by menthol
33
Q

role of magnetoreceptors

A

navigation

34
Q

role of electroreceptors

A
  • finding prey
  • communicating
  • killing prey
35
Q

nociception

A

detection of damaging stimuli, perceived as pain

36
Q

neurotransmitters involved in pain

A

glutamate for sharp pain, substance p for dull aching pain

37
Q

where do pain neurons synapse

A

neurons in the gray matter of the spinal cord

38
Q

endorphins

A

natural painkillers that bind to receptors on substance p neurons to reduce amount of neurotransmitter released

39
Q

frontal lobes

A

motor control, planning, decisionmaking

40
Q

occipital lobe

A

integrating visual info

41
Q

parietal and temporal lobes

A

include cortical areas that integrate a variety of different types of information - auditory, somatic, taste, higher-level integration, recognition of faces and complex objects, spatial awareness, language

42
Q

prefrontal association cortex

A

at very front, for planning, decisionmaking, personality, creativity

43
Q

premotor cortex

A

right after prefrontal cortex, coordination of complex movement

44
Q

primary motor cortex

A

voluntary movement, right behind premotor

45
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

right behind primary motor, touch, pain, temperature, pressure input

46
Q

posterior parietal cortex

A

somatosensory and visual input integration

47
Q

wernicke’s area

A

understanding language

48
Q

parietal-temporal-occipital cortex

A

integration of all sensory input

49
Q

primary visual cortex

A

vision

50
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

hearing

51
Q

limbic association cortex

A

motivation, emotion, memory

52
Q

broca’s area

A

expressing language

53
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects two cerebral hemispheres

54
Q

what side of brain does comprehension and production of language occur

A

left cerebral hemisphere

55
Q

damage to wernicke’s area

A

difficulty comprehending spoken and written language, even though hearing and vision are unimpaired
neurons in wernicke’s area project to broca’s area

56
Q

broca’s area is in what region of the brain

A

near motor association cortex. people with damage have comprehension but cannot speak

57
Q

divisions of long-term memory

A

procedural and declarative

58
Q

sequential mechanims of learning

A
  • storing memory
  • scanning memory after stimulation
  • modifying response to stimulus in accordance with the information stored as memory
59
Q

eyes closed, relaxed

A

alpha waves

60
Q

drowsiness

A

theta waves

61
Q

awake

A

beta waves

62
Q

drowsiness to deep sleep transition

A

delta waves

63
Q

prefrontal association cortex

A

involved in thinking, such as planning, decisionmaking, creativity

64
Q

parietal-temporal-occipital association

A

integrates all sensory input and relates parts to external environment

65
Q

limbic association cortex

A

motivation, emotion, memory

BIOL 2312 Spring 2023 (3 decks)

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