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ANS 220 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Which stage are a majority of embryonic hormones produced

A

Blastocyst stage

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2
Q

Where is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) produced

A

Trophectoderm

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3
Q

Function of hCG

A

Stimulating the gonads

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4
Q

What effect does the hCG have on the gonads

A

Positive effect

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5
Q

When is hCG produced in the stage of gestation

A

Early stage, detected in blood on day 8

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6
Q

Pathway of hCG

A

Fetus produces hCG, acts on CL to produce progesterone, helps embryonic development

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7
Q

What hormone does the human pregnancy detect in urine

A

Hormone hCG

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8
Q

Which hormone was the first that was used to manipulate reproductive cycles of diff species

A

Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)

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9
Q

Which hormone is only found in ruminants

A

Interferon Tau (INFT)

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10
Q

IFNT works directly where

A

Uterine endometrium, stays within uterus

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11
Q

IFNT function

A

Blocks smooth muscle contractions from oxytocin, which blocks PGF2a

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12
Q

First step of embryonic development

A

Fertilization

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13
Q

Second stage of embryonic development

A

Fusion

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14
Q

Third stage of embryonic development

A

2-cell stage

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15
Q

Fourth stage of embryonic development

A

4-cell stage

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16
Q

Fifth stage of embryonic development

A

8-cell stage

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17
Q

Sixth stage of embryonic development

A

Morula

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18
Q

Seventh stage of embryonic development

A

Blastocyst

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19
Q

In the blastocyst, what does the inner cell mass become

A

The fetus

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20
Q

In the blastocyst, what does the trophectoderm become

A

The placenta

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21
Q

Endoderm of the embryo creates

A

The hypothalamus, PP, AP

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22
Q

Mesoderm of the embryo consists of which systems

A

Muscle, skeleton, cardiovascular, reproductive systems

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23
Q

Ectoderm of the embryo consists of

A

Skin, hair, nervous system

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24
Q

What does the endoderm make

A

Blastocoel

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25
Q

What does the mesoderm make

A

Inner cell mass

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26
Q

What does the ectoderm make

A

Trophetoderm

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27
Q

Gastrulation definition

A

When the inner cell mass cells intermingle to create the fetus

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28
Q

What does gastrulation result in

A

Formation of PP

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29
Q

Two different types of cells

A

Somatic cells and germ cells

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30
Q

Somatic cells consists of

A

All cells within the body except germ cells

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31
Q

Characteristics of somatic cells

A

Diploid, autosomes, sex chromosomes, mitosis

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32
Q

Germ cells consist of

A

Oognonia and spermatogonia

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33
Q

Germ cells characteristics

A

Haploid, originates from primordial germ cells, mitosis and meiosis

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34
Q

Transportation pathway of primordial cells becoming germ cells

A

Originates within yolk sac, migrates through and behind hind gut, into gonadal ridge

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35
Q

When the primordial cells reach the gonadal ridge, what occurs

A

Formation of primary sex cords

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36
Q

What happens when primordial germ cells undergo mitosis in the gonadal ridge

A

Increase germ cells and forms primary sex cords

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37
Q

When the primary sex cords are produced, what occurs next?

A

Gonadal ridge is sealed off by tunica albuginia

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38
Q

What gender is paramesonephros (mullerian duct)

A

Female

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39
Q

What gender is mesonephros (wolfian duct)

A

Male

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40
Q

Indifferent gonads contains both

A

Mullerian ducts and wolfian ducts

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41
Q

The mullerian duct becomes

A

Oviduct

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42
Q

The wolfian duct becomes

A

Vas deferens and epididymis

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43
Q

What happens to indifferent gonads when changes occur

A

Where one portion of the tract develops/regress for male/female

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44
Q

Alfred jost’s experiment

A

Consisted of removing gonads of adult rabbis

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45
Q

Why is the y chromosome important

A

Testes determining factor

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46
Q

All oocytes carry x chromosome, but where does the y chromosome come from

A

Sperm cells determine the sex of their offspring with the chromosome

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47
Q

Where does the external genitalia develop from

A

Ectoderm

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48
Q

What regulates external genitalia

A

Sex steroids

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49
Q

External genitalia also has

A

An indifferent state

50
Q

Two types of external phenotypes

A

Sexual dimorphism (characteristics), sex steroids on brain (behavior)

51
Q

Alpha-fetoprotein only binds to what hormone

52
Q

What happens when alpha-fetoprotein binds to estrogen

A

Cant pass through blood-brain barrier, testosterone converts to estrogen

53
Q

What happens when alpha-fetoprotein and estrogen can’t pass through blood-brain barrier?

A

Becomes blocked from brain and allows surge & tonic to develop

54
Q

First step of reproductive cycle

55
Q

Second step of reproductive cycle

A

Breeding seasons

56
Q

Third step of reproductive cycles

A

Gestation/lactation

57
Q

Fourth stage of reproductive cycles

A

Senescence

58
Q

Prepuberty in females

A

Infrequent GnRH pulses, decreased follicle growth

59
Q

Puberty in females

A

Estrogen feedback established, follicle growth, LH surge in place

60
Q

Factors that impact puberty timing in females

A

Genetics, body weight, environment, stress, social factors

61
Q

What is the estrus cycle

A

Observation of sexual receptivity

62
Q

The estrus cycle has a specific what between species

A

Specific characteristic length

63
Q

Estrus cycle sequence of events

A

Physiological, behavioral, sexual receptivity vs no sexual receptivity, on the ovary, hormonal

64
Q

Which squence of events for the estrus cycles show an increase in estrogen

A

Behavioral

65
Q

What is the hormonal sequence of events of the estrus cycle based on

A

What’s occuring on the ovary

66
Q

What does anestrus mean

A

Without cyclicity

67
Q

Which animals are considered anestrus

A

Challenged, stressed, malnutrition, pregnant

68
Q

Ways to classify parts of the estrus cycle

A

Ovarian structures, hormonal profiles, occurrence of estrus, ovulation

69
Q

What happens during follicular phase

A

Growth of follicles

70
Q

What is the dominant structure and hormone in the follicular phase

A

Preovulatory follicle, estrogen

71
Q

When does the follicular phase start

A

When the CL regresses

72
Q

When does the follicular phase end

73
Q

Types of estrus during the follicular phase

A

Proestrus and estrus

74
Q

Proestrus

A

Increase in estrogen (increase in follicles), decrease in progesterone (regressed CL)

75
Q

Estrus

A

Peak estrogen concentrations, influences LH and FSH surges

76
Q

What happens during the luteal phase

A

Growth of CL

77
Q

Dominant structure and hormone of luteal phase

A

CL, progesterone

78
Q

When does the luteal phase begin

79
Q

When does the luteal phase end

A

CL regression

80
Q

Types of estrus during luteal phase

A

Metaestrus, diestrus

81
Q

Metaestrus occurs when

A

LH and estrogen are low, but progesterone is high

82
Q

Diestrus occurs when

A

Estrogen is low, highest concentration of progesterone

83
Q

Four types of hormonal profiles in order

A

Proestrus, estrus, metaestrus, diestrus
(Pigs Eat Many Donuts)

84
Q

Polyestrus definition

A

Displays estrus throughout the year

85
Q

Seasonally polyestrus definition

A

Displays more than one estrus cycle during a specific time of the year

86
Q

Monoestrus definition

A

Displays estrus once a year

87
Q

Animal that doesnt have a estrus cycle

88
Q

Spontaneous ovulator definition

A

Ovulates with a regular frequency and doesn’t;t require copulation

89
Q

Reflux (induced ovulator) definition

A

Ovulation occurs after stimulation of vagina and/or cervix

90
Q

What species is the menstrual cycle in

91
Q

What happens during the menstrual cycle

A

Physical sloughing of the endometrial lining

92
Q

What kind of ovulation does the menstrual cycle have

A

Silent ovulation

93
Q

First event of the menstrual cycle

A

Menstruation

94
Q

Second event of the menstrual cycle

A

Follicular growth

95
Q

Third event of the menstrual cycle

96
Q

Fourth event of the menstrual cycle

A

Luteinization

97
Q

Fifth event of the menstrual cycle

A

Endometrial growth

98
Q

Sixth event of the menstrual cycle

A

Luteolysis

99
Q

Outermost layer of the oocyte

A

Zona pellucida

100
Q

Function of zona pellucida

A

Provides protection and assists in fertilization

101
Q

Surface layer of the oocyte

A

Vitelline membrane

102
Q

Vitelline membrane function

A

Contains the goodies

103
Q

Space between the zona pellucida and the vitelline membrane

A

Perivitelline space

104
Q

Perivitelline space function

A

Movement of vitelline membrane

105
Q

Cytoplasm of the oocyte function

A

Contains goodies for survival

106
Q

Germinal vesicle of the oocyte function

A

Contains genetic information

107
Q

What cells surround the oocyte

A

Cumulus granulosa cells

108
Q

Cumulus granulosa cells function

A

Helps maintain oocyte

109
Q

What inhibits primary oocytes from continuing further in meiosis

A

Cumulus granulosa cells

110
Q

Oogenesis definition

A

Formation and development of ovum

111
Q

Oogonium definition

A

Primordial cell develops into oocyte to become oogonia from mitosis in primary sex coords

112
Q

What stage do primary oocytes freeze

113
Q

What occurs during meiosis 1

A

Many oocytes die and degrade

114
Q

Granulosa cells function

A

Produces estrogen, considered nurse cells for oocyte

115
Q

Thecal cells function

A

Produces testosterone

116
Q

Follicular fluid function

A

Supports follicle growth, aids in oocyte development, mediates granulosa cell functions

117
Q

Granulosa cells are responsive to which hormone

118
Q

Thecal cells are responsive to which hormone

119
Q

Granulosa cells form from the

120
Q

Thecal cells form from the

121
Q

Three stages of folliculogenesis

A

Recruitment, selection, dominance

122
Q

Last stage of folliculogenesis

A

Preovulatory follicle

ANS 220 (2 decks)

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