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ANS 220 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Most important reproductive organ

A

Hypothalamus & pituitary

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2
Q

Female two centers of the hypothalamus

A

Surge and tonic

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3
Q

Male center of the hypothalamus

A

Tonic

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4
Q

What type of cell does the hypothalamus have

A

Neurosecretory cells

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5
Q

Hypothalamus function

A

Produces neurohormones and transmits information

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6
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce while releasing hormones

A

Pulses

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7
Q

If a hormone frequency is low, where is it considered from

A

Tonic center

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8
Q

If hormone frequency is high, where is the location

A

Surge

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9
Q

How does the hypothalamus connect to posterior pituitary

A

Directly through neurons

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10
Q

How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus

A

By the infundibular stalk

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11
Q

What tissue is the posterior pituitary composed of

A

Neural tissue

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12
Q

How does the hypothalamus connect to the anterior pituitary

A

Indirectly by the primary portal plexus

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13
Q

How is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus

A

By the infundibular stalk

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14
Q

What tissue is the anterior pituitary composed of

A

Granular tissue

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15
Q

Anterior pituitary function

A

Hormone storage and synthesis

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16
Q

Functions of female repro system

A

Hormone and gamete production, gamete transport, fertilization, growth/development of offspring, parturition

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17
Q

Why is the ovary a primary organ

A

Produces gametes

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18
Q

Function of the ovary

A

Gamete production and secrets hormones

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19
Q

First stage of follicle development

A

Primordial follicle

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20
Q

What type of cell surrounds the primordial follicle

A

Flattened granulosa cells

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21
Q

Second stage of follicle development

A

Primary follicle

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22
Q

Third stage of follicle development

A

Secondary follicle

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23
Q

Fourth stage of follicle development

A

Tertiary follicle

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24
Q

Fifth stage of follicle development

A

Antral follicle

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25
Q

First stage of ovarian structures

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

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26
Q

Second stage of ovarian structures

A

Corpus luteum

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27
Q

Third stage of ovarian structure

A

Corpus albicans

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28
Q

Type of cell that surrounds oocyte in primary follicle

A

Cubodial granulosa cells

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29
Q

What type of cell is the secondary follicle composed of

A

Follicular cells

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30
Q

Formation of what type of cells in secondary follicle

A

Thecal and granulosa cells

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31
Q

What stage does the antrum form

A

Fourth stage (tertiary follicle)

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32
Q

Which stage of a follicle contains granulosa and thecal layers

A

Tertiary follicle (4th)

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33
Q

Which follicle stage contains a secondary oocyte

A

Antral follicle

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34
Q

Which follicle stage can rupture and ovulate

A

Antral follicle

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35
Q

Which follicle stage is first stage that is noticable

A

Tertiary follicle

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36
Q

Which ovarian structure is cumulus oocyte complex

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

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37
Q

Which ovarian structure is a newly ruptured follicle that has ovulated

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

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38
Q

Job of specialized granulosa cells (cumulus cells)

A

Ensures the oocyte remains healthy

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39
Q

Which ovarian structure contains specialized granulosa cells

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

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40
Q

Which ovarian structure contains endocrine

A

Corpus luteum

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41
Q

Which ovarian structure produces progesterone

A

Corpus luteum

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42
Q

Which ovarian structure establishes and maintains pregnancy

A

Corpus luteum

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43
Q

Which ovarian structure is the regressed form of corpus luteum

A

Corpus albicans

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44
Q

Which ovarian structure is scar tissue

A

Corpus albicans

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45
Q

First layer of the female tube system

A

Lumen

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46
Q

Second layer of the female tube system

A

Mucosa

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47
Q

Third layer of the female tube system

A

Submucosa

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48
Q

Fourth layer of the female tube system

A

Muscularis

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49
Q

Fifth layer of the female tube system

A

Serosa

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50
Q

Sixth layer of the female tube system

A

Broad ligament

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51
Q

What occurs in the lumen of the female tube system

A

Gametes transported if the fetus is developed

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52
Q

Function of the mucosa layer of the female tube system

A

Provides nutrients to the embry

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53
Q

Which layer of the female tube system contains a lymphatic and blood system

A

Submucosa

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54
Q

Which layer of the female tube system provides nutrients to other layers

A

Submucosa

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55
Q

Which layer of the female tube system contains two muscle layers

A

Muscularis

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56
Q

The two muscle layers on the 4th layer of the female tube system

A

Longitudinal and circular

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57
Q

Layer of the female tube system that is a protective layer

A

Serosa

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58
Q

Layer of the female tube system that supports the tract for it to remain in place

A

Broad ligament

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59
Q

Which layer of the tube system contains 3 sections (mesovarium, mesosalphinx, mesometrium)

A

Broad ligament

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60
Q

The mesovarium of the broad ligament is around

A

The ovary

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61
Q

The mesosalphinx of the broad ligament is around

A

The oviduct

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62
Q

The mesometrium of the broad ligament is around

A

The uterus

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63
Q

Three structures of the oviduct

A

Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

64
Q

Infundibulum function

A

Helps catch cumulus oocyte when released

65
Q

Isthmus function

A

Supports sperm cells

66
Q

Ampulla function

A

Moves oocyte to fertilization and provides secretion

67
Q

Site of fertilization in female

A

Ampullary isthmic junction

68
Q

Function of the oviduct

A

Cilia transportation & secrets substances for pH and nutrients

69
Q

Three layers of the uterus

A

Perimetrium, miometrium, endometrium

70
Q

Function of the endometrium of the uterus

A

Supplies nutrients to embryo

71
Q

Three types of cervix

A

Annular rings, interdigitating pads, longitudinal folds

72
Q

The cervix is composed of what cells

A

Secretor and ciliated cells

73
Q

Functions of the cervix

A

Physical and chemical barrier & movement of sperm (potentially store)

74
Q

What cell does the vagina contain

A

Squamous epithelial cells

75
Q

Functions of the vagina

A

Chemical barrier, sperm function, copulatory organ

76
Q

Primary organ of the male tract

A

Testicles

77
Q

Why is the testicles outside of the body cavity

A

Temperature must be cooler than body temperature to produce sperm

78
Q

Where does the testicles originally develop

A

By the kidney

79
Q

Where do the testicles descend

A

Through the inguinal canal, into scrotal pouch

80
Q

What causes the testes to descend

A

Gubernaculum

81
Q

Four organs that help regulate temperature of the testes

A

Scrotal skin, cremaster muscle, tunica dartos, pampiniform plexus

82
Q

How does the scrotal skin help with temperature regulation

A

Contains sweat glands for evaporative cooling

83
Q

How does the cremaster muscle help regulate temperature of the testes

A

Pulls testes closer to body/drop testes away from body

84
Q

What type of contraction is the cremaster muscle

A

Short-term

85
Q

How does the tunica dartos help with testes temperature regulation

A

Contacts/relaxes based on environmental conditions

86
Q

What type of contraction is the tunica dartos

A

Long-term

87
Q

How does the pampiniform plexus help with testes temperature regulation

A

Cools the blood entering the testes

88
Q

Four structures of the testes

A

Tunica albuginia, seminiferous tubules, rete testis, efferent ductules

89
Q

Tunica albuginia function of testes

A

Allows testes to slide back and forth in scrotum pouch

90
Q

Which testes structure is where sperm cells are produced

A

Seminiferous tubules

91
Q

Function of testes

A

Production of gametes & secrets hormones

92
Q

Seminiferous tubules function

A

Sperm cell production & sperm movement

93
Q

Function of leydig cells

A

Produces testosterone

94
Q

Function of basement membrane

A

Support

95
Q

Sertoli cell function

A

Aids in spermatogenesis

96
Q

Development of sperm cells along sertoli cells

A

Spermatogonia -> spermatocyte -> spermatid -> spermatozoa

97
Q

Movement of sperm cells

A

Seminiferous tubules -> rete testis -> efferent ducts -> caput epididymis -> corpus epididymis -> cauda epididymis -> vas deferens

98
Q

How are sperm cells carried to the caput epididymis

A

Fluids secreted by efferent ducts

99
Q

Function of caput epipdidmys

A

Concentrate sperm cell numbers by absorption of fluid

100
Q

Where do sperm cells gain fertility

A

Corpus epididymis

101
Q

Where is the cytoplasmic droplet removed

A

Corpus epididymis

102
Q

Cauda epididymis function

A

Sperm cell storage

103
Q

Ampulla of males function

A

Muscle contractions, storage of sperm short-term, increase sperm concentration (false mounts)

104
Q

Three accessory glands of the male

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral gland

105
Q

Seminal vesicles function

A

Helps prepare sperm to enter female, provides nutrients, flushes out urine, production of seminal plasma

106
Q

Prostate gland function

A

Produces proteins & components to seminal plasma

107
Q

Bulbourethral gland function

A

Produces gel fraction

108
Q

Which two muscles propels sperm into female tract

A

Ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus

109
Q

What is the s shaped structure in males

A

Sigmoid flexure

110
Q

Fibroelastic pene

A

Rigid in non-erect state, straightens when increase in BP

111
Q

Vascular pene

A

Filled with blood, higher rate of BP, no S

112
Q

Afferent pathway

A

Stimulus to processing center

113
Q

Efferent pathway

A

Processing center to response

114
Q

Neurocrine secretion

A

Neurons produces hormones, travels down axon, released from terminal ending, into blood system

115
Q

Paracrine secretion

A

Stimulation of different cells next to each other

116
Q

Autocrine secretion

A

Stimulation of same cells next to each other

117
Q

Juxtacrine

A

Stimulation to adjacent cells through cell junctions

118
Q

Steps of studying hormones

A

Albation, replacement, isolate and purify, assay changes in concentrations

119
Q

First endrocrinology experiment

A

Berthold’s experiment; is testes responsible for male characteristics

120
Q

Bioassay measure

A

Take one object, inject it, turns into something new

121
Q

Radioummunoassay measure

A

Looking for amount of hormone in the body

122
Q

ELISA measure

A

Uses chemical reaction as color change

123
Q

Steroids characteristics

A

Small, hydrophobic/lipohilic, travels in blood w/ carrier, diffuses through cell membrane, receptor 2 locations

124
Q

Pathway of cholesterol to progesterone

A

27 carbon cholesterol -> 3 steps pregnenolone -> progesterone

125
Q

Which enzyme for 27 carbon cholesterol -> 27 carbon pregnenolone

A

Enzyme P450scc

126
Q

Which enzyme for 21 carbon pregnenolone -> 21 carbon progesterone

A

Enzyme 3bHSD

127
Q

Which enzyme for 21 carbon progesterone -> 19 carbon testosterone

A

Multiple pathways

128
Q

Which enzyme 19 carbon testosterone -> 18 carbon estradiol

A

Aromatase

129
Q

Non-steroids characteristics

A

Large, hydrophilic, receptors on plasma membrane, needs second messenger

130
Q

“Lock and key” hormone action

A

Specific hormone to a specific receptor

131
Q

The effectiveness of a hormone depends on

A

The number of receptors and the affinity of hormone

132
Q

Agonist hormone action

A

Acts like a hormone with positive response

133
Q

Antagonist hormone action

A

Acts like a hormone but has a negative response

134
Q

Oxytocin locations

A

Produced in hypothalamus, released and stored in PP

135
Q

Oxytocin function

A

Promotes smooth muscle contractions

136
Q

GnRH locations

A

Produced, stored, and released from hypothalamus

137
Q

FSH locations

A

Produced and stored in AP

138
Q

Where does FSH travel and target

A

Ovary or testes

139
Q

What does FSH do in females

A

Stimulates follicle growth and E2 production

140
Q

What does FSH do in males

A

Supports sertoli cell function, E2 production

141
Q

LH locations

A

Produced and stored in AP

142
Q

Where does LH travel and target

A

Ovary and testes

143
Q

What does LH do to females

A

Stimulates ovulation, produces progesterone

144
Q

What does LH do in males

A

Stimulates leydig to make testosterone

145
Q

What cells produces testosterone

A

Leydig (testes), theca (follicle)

146
Q

Testosterone action in males

A

Promotes spermatogenesis, promotes E2 secretion of accessory sex glands

147
Q

Testosterone action in female

A

E2

148
Q

Estrogen is produced by

A

Sertoli cells (testes), granulosa cells (follicle), placenta

149
Q

What is progesterone produced by

A

CL, placenta

150
Q

Which hormone is required for pregnancy

A

Progesterone

151
Q

PGF2a is produced by

A

The tube system

152
Q

Function of PGF2a

A

Promotes SM contractions, kills CL, ovulation

153
Q

Pathway of PGF2a if pregnant

A

CL produces progesterone

154
Q

Pathway of PGF2a if not pregnant

A

Releases FGF2a -> kills CL, progesterone goes away, follicles develop

155
Q

PGE2 is produced by

A

Tube system

156
Q

Actions of PGE2 in pregnancy

A

Stimulates pregnancy

157
Q

PGE2 pathway if not pregnant

A

Conversion to PGF2a -> kills CL, progesterone goes away, follicles develop

ANS 220 (2 decks)

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