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exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroendocrinology

A

Interaction between nervous system and endocrine glands

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2
Q

what do neuron produce

A

impulses

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3
Q

what do neuroendocrine cells produce

A

neurohormones

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4
Q

what do endocrine cells produce

A

hormones

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5
Q

what is the blood supply between the hypothalamus and AP

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

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6
Q

function of GnRH

A

causes release of FSH and LH

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7
Q

what is GnRH used for

A

treatment of cystic ovaries, prepubertal and anestrous animals to being cycles

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8
Q

Trade name for GnRH

A

Cystorelin

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9
Q

function of prolactin-releasing factor (PRH or PRF)

A

releases prolactin from AP

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10
Q

function of prolactin inhibiting factor ( PIF) aka dopamine

A

inhibits prolactin release from AP

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11
Q

function of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

A

stimulates release of ACTH from AP

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12
Q

neuroHormones that affect Posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin

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13
Q

site of production of oxytocin (OT)

A

paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei cells of the hypothalamus, CL of cow, ewe, and human

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14
Q

Where is oxytocin stored

A

Posterior Pituitary

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15
Q

what are supraoptic paraventricular nuclei

A

body of nerve cells in hypothalamus in relation to PP

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16
Q

functions of Oxytocin

A

milk let down, stimulates uterine contractions during sperm and egg transport and parturition, may play a role in CL function (luteolytic in cow, ewe, and goat)

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17
Q

what enhances responsiveness of smooth muscle to OT

A

estrogen

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18
Q

uses of OT

A

induces milk let down, the expulsion of retained placenta, aids delivery of young when labor is extended

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19
Q

what is a negative feedback

A

one hormone inhibits release of another hormone

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20
Q

examples of negative feedback

A

-Increasing concentrations of progesterone, estrogen, or testosterone inhibits the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH
-Increasing concentrations of inhibin inhibits FSH from AP

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21
Q

what is positive feedback

A

where one hormone stimulates the release of another

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22
Q

example of Positive feedback

A

increasing concentrations of estrogen stimulate release of GnRH, LH, FSH, and Prolactin

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23
Q

condition of being first capable of reproducing

A

puberty

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24
Q

what does puberty mean for the male

A

ability to copulate and ejaculate mature spermatozoa

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25
Q

what does puberty mean for the female

A

onset of regular estrous cycles with ovulation of female gametes

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26
Q

condition of producing the maximum number of gametes

A

sexual maturity

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27
Q

genetic factors that affect age at puberty

A

body weight and nutrition (BCS and growth)

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28
Q

environmental factors that affect age at puberty

A

photoperiod, temperature, and social factors

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29
Q

progressive accomplishment of alterations in genital tract; characteristic of estrus, metestrus, diestrus and proestrus produced by changes in ovarian hormones

A

estrous (period from beginning of estrus to beginning of next estrus)

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30
Q

where does estrous occur

A

non-primate females

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31
Q

period of sexual receptivity in females also called “heat”

A

estrus

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32
Q

estrous

A

adjective- cycle as a whole

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33
Q

estrus

A

noun- specific phase

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34
Q

days of proestrus

A

17-21

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35
Q

what happens during proestrus

A

ovarian follicles are growing rapidly, increase in estrogen from growing follicles, decrease in progesterone from CL, mucosal layers of vagina and uterus multiply

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36
Q

days of estrus

A

1

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37
Q

what happens during estrus

A

period of sexual receptivity, surges of FSH and LH from AP, sow, ewe, and mare ovulate

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38
Q

days of metestrus

A

2-4

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39
Q

what happens during metestrus

A

cow ovulates, beginning of luteal phase, short trasitional phase after ovulation with decreasing estrogen and increasing progesterone, recently ruptured follicle in reorganizing into CL

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40
Q

what happens during metestrus

A

cow ovulates, beginning of luteal phase, short transitional phase after ovulation with decreasing estrogen and increasing progesterone, recently ruptured follicle in reorganizing into CL

41
Q

days of diestrus

A

5-16

42
Q

what happens during diestrus

A

continuation of luteal phase in species with long estrous cycles (absent in animals with short cycles) , CL becomes fully developed and progesterone exerts a dominant influence on oviducts, uterus, vagina, pituitary, and hypothalamus, CL remains functional for about 13 days in ewe and 15-17 days in sow cow and mare, CL regresses at the end of diestrus

43
Q

anestrous

A

period between diestrus and proestrus in monoestrous and seasonal polyestrous animals. characterized by quiescence of repro tract

44
Q

when is anestrous

A

nonbreeding season of ewe and mare varies in length, ends when proestrus begins

45
Q

when is anestrous

A

nonbreeding season of ewe and mare varies in length, and ends when proestrus begins

46
Q

two phases of the menstrual cycle

A

luteal and follicular

47
Q

how long is each phase and what separates them

A

2 weeks, ovulation

48
Q

occurs in rabbits and other induced ovulators, LH release is induced by mating, ovulation occurs every 8-12 hrs after mating

A

continuous estrous

49
Q

Occurs in bears, wolves, foxes, and some dogs, only one estrous cycle per year, long anestrous separates each cycle

A

monoestrous

50
Q

true polyestrous cycles, 2 or more estrous cycles per year unless interrupted by pregnancy, composed of proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus merging into proestrus

A

polyestrous

51
Q

difference between seasonal polyestrous and polyestrous

A

last diestrus of breeding season would proceed into anestrous ( ewe and mare)

52
Q

mechanism

A
  • retina of the eye is a sensor for light signals
    -impulses travel by way of the optic nerve to the pineal gland
    -pineal gland relases melatonin
    -melatonin serves as a mediator between photoreceptors, hypothalamus and/or AP
    -episodic surges of LH occur as breeding season begins
53
Q

how long are short estrous cycles

A

4-6 days

54
Q

what animals have short cycles

A

rat, mouse, hamster, and gerbil

55
Q

what happens if mating does not occur? and if sterile mating occurs.

A

becomes follicular cycles. if sterile mating occurs, pseudopregnancy begins and lasts about 2 weeks

56
Q

what is needed to induce functional activity of CL ( progesterone secretion)

A

mating

57
Q

how long are long estrous cycels

A

15-16 days or longer

58
Q

animals with long cycles

A

cow, ewe, sow, mare, and guinea pig

59
Q

does not require mating to produce functional CL, sterile mating does not shorten or lengthen cycle

A

long estrous cycles

60
Q

two phases of long estrous cycles

A

follicular ( proestrus and estrus; follicles growing and estrogenic phase) and luteal (metestrus and diestrus; secretory phase of CL, progestational phase)

61
Q

estrus that occurs within a few days after parturition, rarely observed in ewes and cows

A

post-partum estrus

62
Q

post-partum estrus in sow

A

occurs every 3-10 days after farrowing, ovulation rarely occurs, non-fertile estrus

63
Q

post-partum estrus in mare

A

called foal heat, begins 5-15 days after foaling and lasts 1-10 days, mare usually ovulates but fertility may be lowered if abnormal tract exists

64
Q

absence of psychological behavior of estrus, occurs in all farm animals, ovulation occurs

A

silent estrus or quiet ovulation

65
Q

initial estrus interrupted by a period of non-receptivity followed by another period of estrus, frequently seen in mares and occasionally in cows

A

split estrus

66
Q

estrus without ovulation, occurs in all farm animals, best example is postpartum estrus in sows

A

anovulatory estrus

67
Q

the continuous psychological desire to mate, ovulation rarely occurs, most common in cows, less common in mares, rare in ewe or sow, cystic ovaries usually accompany nymphomaniac condition

A

nymphomania

68
Q

spontaneous ovulation

A

repeated ovulation at regular intervals except during pregnancy, LH release is cyclic and independent of mating stimulus, LH release is triggered by increasing concentrations of estrogen

69
Q

what animals have spontaneous ovulation

A

cow, ewe, sow, mare, rat, hamster and guinea pig

70
Q

induced ovulation

A

ovulation occurs after stimulation of vagina and/or cervix, LH release only after mating stimulus, estrus persists for a variable length of time

71
Q

what animals have induced ovulation

A

rabbit, cat, mink, and llama

72
Q

what hormone does the hypothalamus secrete into blood vessels connecting to the AP

A

GnRH

73
Q

what does GnRH release from the AP

A

FSH and LH

74
Q

where does FSH go once secreted

A

circulation, transported to ovary and stimulates follicular developement (granulosa cells to produce estrogen)

75
Q

where does LH go once secreted

A

circulation and acts synergistically with FSH to stimulate secretion of estrogen by follicle

76
Q

what are peak concentrations of LH and FSH responsible for

A

estrogen, which has positive and negative feedback on the hypothalamus and AP to control release of FSH and LH

77
Q

what else are the peak concentrations responsible for

A

rupture of follicle and release of ovum (ovulation)

78
Q

what does LH do after ovulation

A

transforms the follicle into a CL which secretes progesterone ( stimulated by LH)

79
Q

what kind of feedback does progesterone have on the hypothalamus and AP

A

negative feedback; to decrease FSH and LH secretion

80
Q

when do follicles grow

A

at all times of the cycle

81
Q

what happens to the granulosa and theca cells during the cycle

A

granulosa cells increase in numbers and layers of theca cells grow and encompass periphery of follicle

82
Q

two types of theca cells

A

theca externa and theca interna

83
Q

theca externa

A

connective tissue surrounding entire follicle

84
Q

theca interna

A

inner layer of thecal cells next to the basement membrane

85
Q

what do the theca intera do

A

synthesize androgens (T) under influence of LH

86
Q

what happens to the androgens once they are produced

A

pass across the basement membrane to granulosa cells where they are converted to estrogen under influence of FSH

87
Q

what happens to follicles right before estrus

A

undergo rapid maturation

88
Q

what happens to estrogen during the follicular phase

A

increases

89
Q

when is the concentration of estrogen the highest

A

beginning of estrus

90
Q

when does estrous behavior occur

A

follicular phase

91
Q

what is estrus a result of

A

local effect of estrogen on central nervous system

92
Q

relationship between progesterone and estrogen

A

progesterone has a synergistic action with estrogen in inducing sexual receptivity

93
Q

feedback of increasing estrogen on hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis

A

positive feedback; causes surge of LH and FSH during estrus

94
Q

what does LH do during estrus

A

activates enzymes that digest connective tissue in wall of follicle, resulting in ovulation

95
Q

when does ovulation occur in most domestic animals

A

after LH peak

96
Q

what happens during the luteal phase

A
  1. granulosa and theca cells differentiate into luteal cells
  2. CL secretes progesterone under influence of LH (luteotropic effect)
97
Q

when does CL reach maximum function and size

A

mid-luteal phase

98
Q

what causes CL regression

A

increased concentrations of prostaglandin (produced by endometrium during late luteal phase)

99
Q

mechanism of CL regression in ewe and cow

A
  1. mid to late diestrus: non-ovulatory follicles secrete increasing concentrations of estrogen
  2. endometrial cells stimulated by estrogen to synthesize oxytocin receptors
  3. oxytocin from CL (or PP) binds to OT receptors and stimulates the secretion of arachidonic acid and prostaglandin synthetase by endometrium
  4. arachidonic acid converted by prostaglandin synthetase to prostaglandin
  5. prostaglandin secreted into uterine veins and lyses the CL

Repro (2 decks)

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