Exam 2 Flashcards
What is a learning disability?
It involves difficulty acquiring cognitive skills in one particular domain. Different from intellectual disability.
Verbal learning disabilities?
Dyslexia
What is dyslexia?
An inability to read at an age-appropriate level despite the opportunity, training, and intelligence.
Dyslexia difficulties and prevalence?
word reading accuracy
reading rate or fluency
reading comprehension
- boys more than girls
Dyslexia Neural correlates and causes?
function change
Found in the parietal lobe, mainly
grey and white matter
- causes
genetics
environment
behavioral/ psych factors
cognitive processes
Dyslexia treatment?
Intensive phonics-based reading instructions.
Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs)
Ischemia
-Thrombosis
-embolism
-arteriosclerosis
-transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Hemorrhage
-aneurysm
-arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
Anatomy of the visual system?
optic nerve
optic chiasm
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus
optic radiations
visual cortex (occipital lobe)
What is anopsia?
A defect in the visual field resulting from damage to some part of the visual pathway.
-total blindness in one eye
-homonymous hemianopsia
-left or right
-two damaged sites (bitemporal hemianopsia)
Ventral stream?
The “what”
object recognition and object form
Dorsal stream?
The “where”
where objects are in space relative to our bodies and other objects.
Disorders of the “what” system (ventral)
1) visual object agnosia
apperceptive- perception of an object is impaired
associative- difficulty assigning meaning
2) Prosopagnosia
- inability to recognize faces
3) Acquired alexia
- inability to recognize letters and words
Agnosia vs. Anomia
Agnosia is only visual, the object can be identified if touched
Anomia is severe, and one cannot identify the object at all.
Disorders of the “where” system (dorsal)
1) Neglect (inattention)
- apparent unawareness or unresponsiveness to stimuli in the side of space opposite the brain damage.
-right parietal lobe damage
What is Aphasia?
A disorder of language due to damage to the brain areas specialized for these functions.
- not due to defects in sensory functioning or muscle weakness.
