Exam 2 Flashcards
What is a learning disability?
It involves difficulty acquiring cognitive skills in one particular domain. Different from intellectual disability.
Verbal learning disabilities?
Dyslexia
What is dyslexia?
An inability to read at an age-appropriate level despite the opportunity, training, and intelligence.
Dyslexia difficulties and prevalence?
word reading accuracy
reading rate or fluency
reading comprehension
- boys more than girls
Dyslexia Neural correlates and causes?
function change
Found in the parietal lobe, mainly
grey and white matter
- causes
genetics
environment
behavioral/ psych factors
cognitive processes
Dyslexia treatment?
Intensive phonics-based reading instructions.
Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs)
Ischemia
-Thrombosis
-embolism
-arteriosclerosis
-transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Hemorrhage
-aneurysm
-arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
Anatomy of the visual system?
optic nerve
optic chiasm
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus
optic radiations
visual cortex (occipital lobe)
What is anopsia?
A defect in the visual field resulting from damage to some part of the visual pathway.
-total blindness in one eye
-homonymous hemianopsia
-left or right
-two damaged sites (bitemporal hemianopsia)
Ventral stream?
The “what”
object recognition and object form
Dorsal stream?
The “where”
where objects are in space relative to our bodies and other objects.
Disorders of the “what” system (ventral)
1) visual object agnosia
apperceptive- perception of an object is impaired
associative- difficulty assigning meaning
2) Prosopagnosia
- inability to recognize faces
3) Acquired alexia
- inability to recognize letters and words
Agnosia vs. Anomia
Agnosia is only visual, the object can be identified if touched
Anomia is severe, and one cannot identify the object at all.
Disorders of the “where” system (dorsal)
1) Neglect (inattention)
- apparent unawareness or unresponsiveness to stimuli in the side of space opposite the brain damage.
-right parietal lobe damage
What is Aphasia?
A disorder of language due to damage to the brain areas specialized for these functions.
- not due to defects in sensory functioning or muscle weakness.
What are the types of Aphasia?
Brocas
Wernicke
Conduction
Transcortical motor
Transcortical sensory
Anomic
Global
Fluency of speech
Fluent: fluent spontaneous speech with normal articulation and rhythm
Non fluent: exhibits difficulty in the flow of articulation and speech becomes broken or halting
Fluent = wernicke, conduction, sensory, anomic
Non fluent = brocas, motor, global
Comprehension of speech
Good auditory comprehension: demonstrates understanding of speech
Bad auditory comprehension: does not demonstrate understanding of speech
Good= brocas, conduction, anomic, motor
Bad= wernicke, sensory, global
Repetition of speech
Good repetition of speech: can fluently repeat what is said to them upon testing
Poor repetition of speech: cannot fluently repeat what is said to them upon testing
Good= motor, sensory, anomic
Poor= brocas, wernicke, conduction, global
Visual disorders?
Anopsia
Homonymous hemianopsia
Bitemporal hemianopsia
Brocas aphasia
Non-fluent
Good comprehension
Poor repetition
-expressive, lesion to Broca’s area
Global aphasia
Non fluent
Poor comprehension
Poor repetition
-both Brocas and wernickes aphasia
Transcortical motor aphasia
Non fluent
Good comprehension
Good repetition
- around Broca’s area
Wernickes aphasia
fluent
Poor comprehension
Poor repetition
- receptive, lesion to wernickes area
Transcortical sensory aphasia
Fluent
Poor comprehension
Good repetition
- around wernickes area
Conduction aphasia
Fluent
Good comprehension
Poor repetition
- area between Brocas and wernicke, at the actuate fasciculus
Anomic aphasia
Fluent
Good comprehension
Good repetition
- lesion at angular gurus
