Exam 2 Flashcards
Cycle lasting 24 hours
Circadian
Where is biological clock found in the brain
Tiny cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus
When do certain hormones peak
Epinephrine in the late morning, melatonin at night, GH at night
When biological rhythms are not in phase with one another
Internal desynchronization (jet lag)
Waves seen in the awake (hypnagogic)
Beta waves
Edge of consciousness
Alpha waves
Non-REM stages 2+3
Theta waves
Deep sleep
Delta waves
Waves found during REM sleep
Beta waves
When the body goes into REM earlier and longer to compensate
REM rebound effect
Insufficient sleep, inability to fall asleep quickly, frequent arousals, or early awakenings
Onset, maintenance, and termination insomnia
Intermittently stops breathing (between exhale + inhale), loud snoring common
Sleep apnea
Sudden daytime attacks of sleepiness (lapses into REM) during moments of excitement
Narcolepsy
Usually occur during stage 4, more common in children
Sleep talking/walking + night terrors
Detection of physical energy emitted by physical objects
Sensation
What cells are found in the periphera
Rod cells
What cells are found in the fovea
Cone cells
Name for someone that is completely colorblind
Monochromat
Red-green or yellow-blue colorblind
Dichromat
Sense of where body is located in space
Proprioception
Sense of touch that isn’t painful
Tactile sensation
Pain sensations elicited by noxious stimuli - found everywhere except brain
Nociception
Cells sensitive to stimuli are warmer or colder than body
Temperature
Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
Absolute threshold
Minimum difference between two stimuli that one can detect 50% of the time
Difference threshold - just noticeably different (jnd)
The principle that the JND for any given sense is a constant fraction or proportion of the stimulation being judged
Weber’s law
Below threshold of perception
Subliminal perception
Eventually don’t notice unchanging stimulus (eg. jumping into a cold pool)
Sensory adaptation
Slight difference in lateral separation between two objects as seen by the left + right eye
Retinal disparity
Turning inward of the eyes when focusing on a nearby object
Convergence
Things in front block things behind it
Interposition
Parallel lines appear to converge at the horizon
Linear perspective
Judge of the distance based on horizon
Elevation
Greater distance = smoother/less texture
Texture gradient
Shadows on bottoms of objects that protrude and tops of objects that recede
Shading
Objects closer than fixation point appear to move backwards, objects farther away appear to move slower
Motion parallax
True or false - visual illusions are illusions of the eye
False - optical illusions are illusions of the eye
Visual mode responsible for identifying objects
Focal
Visual mode responsible for navigation
Ambient
A stimulus response pair (UCS + UCR)
Reflex
Does not naturally elicit the to-be-conditioned response in classical conditioning
Neutral stimulus
Reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a time delay
Spontaneous recovery
Occurs when a new stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus, elicits the conditioned response
Stimulus generalization
Strategies for curing phobias
Systemic desensitization, flooding, counterconditioning
True or false - ALL reinforcers increase the likelihood that a response will become more frequent
TRUE
Reinforcer that fulfills a biological need
Primary
Reinforcer that gets power through classical conditioning
Secondary
Stimulus added
Positive
Stimulus removed
Negative
Reinforcement schedule in which all correct responses are reinforced
Continuous reinforcement
Some but not all correct responses are reinforced
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Provide reward after certain # of responses
Ratio
